Israel Medical Association Journal

Background: Prematurity remains the most significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Knowing which group of women is at risk for developing preterm labor will define a target population for better prenatal care and prevention modalities.

Objective: To examine whether preterm delivery rates are associated with ethnicity, age, parity, and style of living.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal case series examining obstetric and demographic data of 17,493 deliveries that occurred between June 1994 and May 1999. All deliveries were performed in the obstetric department of HaEmek Medical Center (Afula, Israel), which serves as a referral center. The main outcome measures were preterm delivery, as related to the women's ethnicity, age parity, and style of living ± namely, town, village, or kibbutz.

Results: The overall preterm delivery rate was 8.5%. The preterm delivery rate in non-Jewish women (10.5%) was higher than in Jewish women (7.1%) (P < 0.00001). The preterm delivery rate in women younger than 20 or older than 40 (12.5%) was much higher than in women between the ages of 21 and 40 (8.0%) (P< 0.00001). Grand-multipara women (>8) had a higher preterm delivery rate (13.8%) than less parous women (8.5%) (P < 0.012). Style of living was also associated with the preterm delivery rate (P< 0.00001): kibbutz 5.5%, Jewish towns 7.8%, non-Jewish towns 8.7%, Jewish villages 6.7%, and non-Jewish villages 11.0%.

Conclusions: Style of living, ethnicity, age and parity are statistically significant risk factors for preterm delivery in our area. These factors provide a more definable target population for better prenatal care.
 

Background: Experimental and clinical protocols are being developed for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, the effect of these procedures on the potential for HPC[1] to repopulate bone marrow is unknown.

Objectives: To examine the effect of cryopreservation on the ability of fetal human liver HPC, which include CD34+ cells and long-term culture-initiating cells, to repopulate immunodeficient non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse bone marrow.

Methods: Groups of sublethally irradiated NOD[2]/SCID[3] mice were injected intravenously with cryopreserved or freshly isolated fetal human liver HPC.

Results: Seven weeks after transplantation, flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow samples showed that mice that received the transplanted cells (either cryopreserved or freshly isolated) demonstrated both lymphoid and myeloid differentiation as well as the retention of a significant fraction of CD34+ cells. Conclusions: Cryopreserved fetal human liver-derived HPC appear to be capable of initiating human cell engraftment in NOD/SCID mouse bone marrow and open the possibility of using cryopreserved fetal human liver HPC for gene manipulation, gene transfusion therapy, and transplantation purposes.

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[1] HPC = hematopoietic progenitor cells

[2] NOD = non-obese diabetic

[3] SCID = severe combined immunodeficiency

Background: Nitrofurantoin is a commonly prescribed urinary antiseptic. Hepatic injury has been associated with its use.

Objectives: To present three patients in whom long-term exposure to the drug resulted in chronic active hepatitis, and review the epidemiology, clinical immunology, histopathology, pathogenetic features and treatment of previously reported cases.

Findings: Withdrawing nitrofurantoin once the diagnosis was suspected did not lead to remission of the liver disease and glucocorticoids had to be administered. One patient died of liver failure.

Conclusions: Awareness of this unusual side effect of nitrofurantoin is important and caution should be exerted before prescribing it. Over the past years new insight into the immune nature of this drug has emerged.
 

Background: Leptin is a 16 kDa hormone synthesized by adipocytes and involved in body weight regulation.

Objectives: To determine serum leptin concentrations in heart, liver and kidney transplant recipients.

Methods: We investigated 57 patients: 18 male heart transplant recipients (age 25-69 years) at 1-66 months after transplantation, 6 female and 8 male liver transplant recipients (age 33-70) at 11-73 months after transplantation, and 10 female and 15 male kidney transplant recipients (age 20-61) at 3-138 months after transplantation. All recipients were receiving immunosuppressive therapy, including prednisone 0-20 mg/day, azathioprine 75-125 mg/day, cyclosporin 100-250 mg/day or tacrolimus 2-10 mg/day. The results were compared to those of 10 female and 10 male healthy controls. Morning serum concentrations of leptin were measured with a commercial radioimmunoassay (Linco Research Inc., USA), and serum insulin and cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results: Patients (both men and women) after heart, liver and kidney transplantation exhibited significantly higher serum concentrations of leptin and leptin/body mass index ratios than controls. Serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher in women than in men and correlated very significantly with BMI[1] in all cases. The multivariate stepwise analyses showed that among parameters including BMI, gender, age, time after transplantation, prednisone dose, hematocrit, serum concentrations of glucose, albumin, creatinine, cortisol and insulin, only BMI, gender, cortisol and insulin were significant independent determinants of serum leptin levels in these patients.

Conclusions: This is the first report showing that, in addition to body mass index and gender, basal cortisol and insulin levels affect the hyperleptinemia in transplant patients. The clinical relevance of hyperleptinemia in these patients will require further investigation.

Background: Patients who feel involved in their treatment have better outcomes than those who do not.

Objective: To identify determinants of perceived patient involvement in obstetric care.

Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken in 1,452 (83%) of 1,750 women sampled in November 1995 from maternity wards of 14 general hospitals in Israel. A postal and telephone survey using a self-administered questionnaire included the following variables: hospital (identity number), patients' age, self-reported complications, previous deliveries, education, ethnicity, and number of obstetric interventions performed and/or considered. The main outcome measured was the reported involvement in decisions for obstetric interventions.

Results: Reported full involvement varied from 72% for epidural analgesia to 13% for forceps/vacuum extraction. Factor analysis identified two dimensions of perceived involvement: one for routine” interventions (enema, monitor­ing, IV line and episiotomy), which are performed in Israel mostly by midwives, and another for "special" interventions (forceps/vacuum extraction, epidural or other analgesia, and cesarian section) performed by physicians. Logistic regression identified hospitals, younger age, number of interventions, and Arab ethnicity as correlates of a perceived non-involvement in decisions for "special" interventions.

Conclusions: Clinical setting, age and ethnicity affected patient perception of involvement in decisions for obstetric interventions.

The hepatitis C virus is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, which has been classified into 6 major genotypes and over 100 subtypes. HCV replicates mainly in the hepatocyte. Recently, infectious HCV cDNA clones have been generated. Despite evidence that innate and adaptative humoral and cellular immune responses are activated as part of an antiviral defense, HCV has a remarkable ability to establish persistent infection. The analysis of viral kinetics using mathematical modeling shows a relative steady state without treatment, while an immediate biphasic HCV decline occurs in blood during successful treatment, the latter being predictive of clearance of HCV by the end of treatment.

Background: The transfer of therapeutic genes into malignant brain tumors has been the subject of intense pre­clinical and clinical research in recent years. Most approaches have used direct intratumoral placement of a variety of vectors and genes, such as retroviruses or adenoviruses carrying drug-susceptibility genes, modified replication-competent herpes virus, and several vectors carrying tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene. However, clinical results have so far been disappointing, mainly due to the limited ability to effectively distribute the genetic material into the target cell population. Accordingly, alternative delivery approaches into the central nervous system, e.g., intravascular, are under investigation. Genetic vectors administered intravascularly are unlikely to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and transfer a gene into brain or tumor parenchyma. However, intravascular delivery of vectors may target endothelial cells lining the blood vessels of the brain. Since endothetial cells participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the brain, their modulation by gene transfer may be used for a variety of therapeutic purposes. Angiogenically stimulated endothelial cells within tumors replicate rapidly and hence may become targets for retroviral-mediated gene transfer.

Objective: To assess the anti-tumor effect of transferring a drug-susceptibility gene into endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature.

Methods: As a model for this approach we delivered concentrated retroviral vectors carrying a drug-susceptibility gene via the internal carotid artery of rats with malignant brain tumors. The safety and efficacy of this approach, without and with subsequent treatment with a pro-drug (ganciclovir). was evaluated.

Results: No acute or long-term toxicity was observed after intraarterial infusion of the vector. Treatment with ganciclovir resulted in variable hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors, indicating preferential transduction of the angiogenically stimulated tumor vasculature. This was accompanied by severe toxicity caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage in vascular territories shared by the tumor and adjacent brain.

Conclusion: The data indicate that endothelial cells can be targeted by intraarterial delivery of retroviral vectors and can be used for devising new gene therapy strategies for the treatment of brain tumors.

Objective: To study whether retinolpalmitate, beta-car­otene or lycopene could prevent liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide in rats.

Methods: In the control group liver cirrhosis was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injections of TAA 200 mg/ kg for 12 weeks. The three study groups received in addition to TM either beta-carotene, lycopene or retinolpalmitate by gavage through an orogastric tube. Histopathological analysis and determination of the hydroxyproline contents of the livers were performed at the end of the protocol.

Results: Rats treated with beta-carotene and TAA had lower histopathologic scores and reduced levels of hepatic hydroxyproline (P= 0.02) than those treated by TAA alone. A trend of decreased fibrosis was observed in the rats treated with lycopene and TAA although this lacked statistical significance.

Conclusions: Beta-carotene attenuated liver cirrhosis induced by TAA in rats. The mechanism may be related to effects on hepatic stellate cells or to scavenging of free radicals by beta-carotene. Retinolpalmitate and lycopen had no significant beneficial effect.