תוצאת חיפוש

שבתאי ורסנו (1), עירית גנץ (2), נעמי אלדור (2), מילה גרנקין (3)

(1) היח' לחינוך וטיפול בגנחת, המח' לרפואת ריאות, (2) בית-הספר לסיעוד שליד בית-החולים, (3) היח' לאפידמיולוגיה ומידע רפואי, בית-חולים מאיר, מרכז רפואי ספיר, כפר סבא והפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב

עישון טבק נרגילה הוא תופעה ידועה בקרב בני-נוער בישראל, טבק הנרגילה טומן בחובו פוטנציאל מסוכן של התמכרות לניקוטין, נזקי עישון נוספים וצריכת סמים.

המטרה העיקרית היתה לבדוק את השכיחות של עישון נרגילה בקרב תלמידי בתי-ספר בישראל ולאפיינה לפי גיל, מין, תדירות, נהגים ועמדות. מטרה משנית היתה להשוות הרגלי עישון סיגריות בקרב אותם תלמידים.

לשם כך הופץ סקר שאלון למילוי עצמי בקרב 388 תלמידי כיתות ד', ט', יא' באזור השרון. על מילוי השאלון, שבוצע בכיתות, פיקחו מורה הכיתה ותלמידי בית-ספר לסיעוד.

מתוצאות הסקר עלה, כי 41% מכלל התלמידים מעשנים נרגילה, זאת מבלי להתחשב בתדירות העישון, וכי 22% מעשנים לפחות כל סופשבוע. עישון נרגילה שכיח פי 3 מעישון סיגריות (14%), והוא נפוץ במידה כמעט שווה בין שני המינים, אולם נמצא כי בנות מעשנות בתדירות גבוהה יותר (מעשנות 'כבדות יותר'). שישה אחוזים ממעשני הנרגילה מוסיפים לעישון גם אלכוהול או סם. הסיבות העיקריות לעישון הן הנאה מהעישון עצמו והאינטימיות שהעישון מעניק במיפגש חברים. מכלל התלמידים 90% סברו שעישון נרגילה אינו נטול סיכונים בריאותיים, אך לפחות 50% סברו כי הוא מזיק פחות מעישון סיגריות.

ארבעים אחוזים מהוריהם של תלמידים המעשנים נרגילה לפחות כל סופשבוע עישנו או מעשנים נרגילה, זאת לעומת 10% מהוריהם של תלמידים שאינם מעשנים. כמו-כן, 23% מהתלמידים המעשנים נרגילה דיווחו כי הם מעשנים בצוותא עם הוריהם.

לסיכום, עישון טבק נרגילה נפוץ מאוד בקרב תלמידי בתי-ספר ברמת החטיבה מכיתות ז' ואילך, ונמצא כי בנות הן מעשנות כבדות יותר. כן קיימת תופעה של הוספת סם ואלכוהול לעישון. התלמידים, וככל הנראה גם הוריהם, סבורים כי עישון נרגילה בטוח הרבה מעישון סיגריות. בכיתות הגבוהות ניכר מעבר מעישון נרגילה לעישון סיגריות. המימצאים האלו מחייבים מעורבות נמרצת ומיידית מצד משרד החינוך ומשרד הבריאות ומהרשות למלחמה בסמים הן בהסברה, מניעה, פיקוח ומעקב, והן במחקר.

Attitude of Hospital Visitors Towards Cigarette Smoking inside Hospital Buildings; One More Step Towards a "Smoke Free Hospital" in Israel

S. Varsano*, S. Shachar⁺, O. Bacal⁺, N. Eldor⁺, G. Hevion**, M. Garenkin^#

Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar-Sava 44281 and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel ^*Asthma Care - Education Unit, Department of Pulmonary Medicine ⁺Meir School of Nursing **Hospital Management Office ^#Epidemiology and Medical Data Unit

In order to determine a policy within the hospital restricting smoking we previously surveyed the attitude of the hospital staff towards smoking inside the hospital buildings. In the present survey we examined the attitude of the hospital visitors on the same issue. One hundred and fifty-seven hospital visitors participated in the survey and answered a questionnaire; 93 visitors were smokers, 64 were non-smokers.

Eighty-eighth percent of the visitors smoked during their visit, 4 cigarettes on the average, during an average length of stay of 2.8 hours, until completing the questionnaire. Eighty-three percent of the smokers were aware of the law that prohibits smoking in public buildings, and 71% were aware of the signs and advertisements that prohibit smoking in the hospital. Two thirds of the smokers declared that they would have refrained from smoking in the hospital if others around them also refrained from smoking and justified the law that prohibits smoking in public buildings, including hospitals. Sixty-nine percent of the smokers declared that they were willing to cooperate with hospital management in restricting smoking to the hospital grounds outside the hospital buildings, and would accept directives regarding smoking restriction from any hospital personnel. In fact, only 11% of the smokers were requested to stop smoking during their visit.

These findings reinforce the results of our pervious survey conducted among the hospital staff and indicates the existence of a paradoxical vicious cycle of behavior among smokers and non-smokers, visitors and staff, in the hospital. On the one hand the smokers do not have the self-obedience necessary to stop smoking while visiting in the hospital, although they are aware of their misdeed. On the other hand the non-smokers lack the confidence that they will obtain the cooperation of the smokers, although the smokers are willing to cooperate. Both groups expect someone else to either actively restrict them from smoking or to encourage them to restrict the smokers.

Our findings suggest that this “someone else” is the hospital management (and the staff endorsed to implement this directive).

Smoking by an Israeli Hospital Staff, its Attitude to Smoking in Hospitals and to “Smoke-Free” Hospitals

Shabtai Varsano, Giora Hevion, Mila Garenkin

Depts. of Pulmonary Medicine, Asthma Care-Education Unit, Hospital Management Office, and Epidemiology and Medical Data Unit; Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Smoking within hospitals is common in general hospitals in Israel. It has a strong negative educational impact, has a negative image and curing its ill effects help keep our hospitals busy. An anonymous questionnaire was answered by 128 members of our hospital staff (28%). Their distribution, according to occupation and sex was representative of the rest of our hospital staff.

19% of our workers are smokers, a much lower proportion than in our general adult population. The proportion was highest among maintenance (40%) and sanitary-help staff (36%). 23% of nurses and 15% of physicians were smokers. This situation is better than that among Italian or Japanese medical staff, but much worse than among North American medical staff.

75% of our workers who smoke declared that they smoke outside the room in which they work. 66% and 72% of the staff believe that hospital workers and visitors, respectively, should smoke outside hospital buildings. Only 19% of all workers do not believe that a "smoke-free hospital" is attainable. 34% believe that a "smoke-free hospital" is achievable, and 47% said that it is perhaps achievable. 86% of all the workers, and 41% of the smokers, expect the hospital director to implement an effective policy of enforcing the law limiting smoking within hospitals (and other public buildings) in Israel. 60% are willing to contribute actively to this effort.

We believe these results strongly suggest that the time is ripe for implementation of the "smoke-free hospital" in Israel. This requires a strong and effective central policy, like that in the USA. We suggest measures that the Israel Ministry of Health take measures to successfully implement this policy.

Proper use of Pressurized Hand-Held Inhalers in Patients with Chronic Airway Obstruction 

Shabtai Varsano, Ilana Jacoby, Mila Garenkin

Asthma Care and Education Unit, Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, and Epidemiology Unit, Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba; and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Inhaling drugs via hand-held inhalers in recommended for those with chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD). Approximately 8%-9% of Israel's population use hand-held inhalers, many of them pressurized. Skill in using them and ability of chronic users to learn their proper use have not been assessed.

During 1993 and 1994 we studied 200 patients with bronchial asthma or COPD who regularly used a pressurized hand-held inhaler (PI), but were not trained to use it in our out-patient pulmonary clinic. Only a third were found to be skilled in its use. About half were completely unable to use it properly, and 17% used it in a suboptimal way. Remarkably, only 40% had been taught anything with regard to its use. About 75% of the suboptimal users significantly improved their skill in its use immediately after receiving a single individual teaching and corrective demonstration session. While 15% failed to learn the proper use of the PI, many of those who improved immediately after a single teaching session retained the learned skills for months.

We conclude that the physician who recommends the use of a PI is responsible for the patient's being taught its proper use in a demonstration session. Skill in its use should be reassessed periodically during the entire treatment period.