תוצאת חיפוש

גליה גולן, יעל לצר ואורנה צישינסקי

בשלושת העשורים האחרונים מדווח על עלייה מתמדת בשכיחות הפרעות אכילה בחברה המערבית. התסמונות העיקריות הן אנורקסיה נרבוזה, בולימיה נרבוזה והפרעות אכילה לא סגוליות נוספות. הפרעות אלו כרוכות בתחלואה מרובה ובסיבוכים רפואיים מסכני-חיים. מבין התסמינים הרבים בולטת שכיחות התלונות על הפרעות שינה. במחקרים רבים נבדקו הפרעות שינה בקרב הלוקים בהפרעות-אכילה, ננקטו מספר שיטות מדידה: רישום שינה פוליסומנוגרפי במעבדה, רישום שינה אמבולטורי באמצעות אקטיגרף ושאלוני דיווח עצמי. במאמר זה נסקרו מרבית המחקרים שנבדקו בהם דפוסי שינה בקרב הלוקים באנורקסיה נרבוזה, בולימיה נרבוזה והפרעת איכלה בולמוסית. כמו-כן הובאו דפוסי השינה של תיסמונת האכילה הלילית, המוכרת כמישלב של הפרעת איכלה ושינה.

בסיום המאמר מובאים מנגנוני שינה-ועירות האופייניים לכל תסמונת בנפרד, ונדונו לנוכח ההבדלים ביניהם לבין אוכלוסיית הבקרה. הועלו מספר הסברים אפשריים לפערים שנצפו בין הדיווחים הסובייקטיביים לבין אלה האובייקטיביים שהודגמו בבדקיות השינה. בדיון הועלו מספר אפשרויות להסברת המימצאים והוצגו כיווני מחקר אפשריים לעתיד.

אורן שבולת, רפעת ספדי, יפה אשור, אחמד עיד וירון אילן

סיבוכים עצביים בעקבות השתלת כבד מתרחשים בשכיחות גבוהה – ב-30%-90% מהמושתלים. סיבוכים אלה מייצגים מיגוון רחב של אטיולוגיות ומציבים לעתים בעיה איבחונית. סיבוכים עצביים יכולים להוות ביטוי למחלת כבד ראשונית שבעטיה עבר החולה השתלת כבד, או לנבוע ממיגוון רחב של הפרעות בחילוף- החומרים או בכלי-הדם. הטיפול מדכא החיסיון הניתן למושתלי כבד יכול אף הוא לגרום להפרעות עצביות, אם באופן ישיר כהשפעת-לוואי תרופתית ואם באופן עקיף בעקבות דיכוי חיסוני וזיהומים מזדמנים של מערכת העצבים המרכזית. במאמר זה יובאו שתי פרשות חולים לא שיגרתיות של סיבוכים נירולוגיים לאחר השתלת כבד.

אורן שבולת (1), יוסי קליש (2), שמואל גיליס (2), ירון אילן (1)

(1) יח' הכבד, האגף לרפואה פנימית, (2) המח' להמטולוגיה, בית-החולים האוניברסיטאי הדסה עין-כרם, ירושלים

אקסטזי (3.4–Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) הוא סם הניטל למטרות המרצה והגברת תחושת העילוי (ophoria). במאמר זה מדווח על בחור בן 23 שלקה בפקקת ארגמנתית של מיעוט טסיות ובדלקת כבד חדה מישנית לנטילת אקסטזי. נסקרו הסיבוכים בכבד הכוללים דלקת כבד חדה, צמקת, כשל הכבד וסיבוכים המטולוגיים. מן הצורך לכלול נטילת אקסטזי באבחנה המבדלת של חולים הלוקים במחלת כבד או בסיבוך המטולוגי מסיבה לא ידועה.

יוני וינר (1), אורנה דלי גוטפריד (1,2), אנטוני לודר (1,2), פנחס השקס (1,3)

המח' לרפואת ילדים, בית-החולים זיו, צפת (1), שירות לריטולוגיית ילדים, בית-החולים פוריה(2), והפקולטה לרפואה, הטכניון, חיפה

בהמשך למאמרנו, שבו נדונה סוגיית הטיפול בפאראצטמול בילדים, ובו דנו ביתרונות ובחסרונות שטומן בחובו טיפול זה, ברצוננו להצביע בסקירתנו זו על חלופה אפשרית שבימים אלה נכנסה כטיפול בילדים. מדובר באיבופרופן שהיא בבחינת תרופה ותיקה, שבימים אלה נמכרת בישראל בצורת תרחיף המיועד לטיפול בילדים. זמין לכל, ללא צורך במירשם רופא. משנת 1989 הצטבר ניסיון קליני רב בטיפול באיבופרופן. בשנים האחרונות החלו להתפרסם דיווחים על טיפול מוצלח באיבופרופן בהורדת חום בילדים, והתוצאות בולטות, בעיקר נוכח מיעוט השפעות-לוואי.

Attitude of Hospital Visitors Towards Cigarette Smoking inside Hospital Buildings; One More Step Towards a "Smoke Free Hospital" in Israel

S. Varsano*, S. Shachar⁺, O. Bacal⁺, N. Eldor⁺, G. Hevion**, M. Garenkin^#

Meir General Hospital, Sapir Medical Center, Kfar-Sava 44281 and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel ^*Asthma Care - Education Unit, Department of Pulmonary Medicine ⁺Meir School of Nursing **Hospital Management Office ^#Epidemiology and Medical Data Unit

In order to determine a policy within the hospital restricting smoking we previously surveyed the attitude of the hospital staff towards smoking inside the hospital buildings. In the present survey we examined the attitude of the hospital visitors on the same issue. One hundred and fifty-seven hospital visitors participated in the survey and answered a questionnaire; 93 visitors were smokers, 64 were non-smokers.

Eighty-eighth percent of the visitors smoked during their visit, 4 cigarettes on the average, during an average length of stay of 2.8 hours, until completing the questionnaire. Eighty-three percent of the smokers were aware of the law that prohibits smoking in public buildings, and 71% were aware of the signs and advertisements that prohibit smoking in the hospital. Two thirds of the smokers declared that they would have refrained from smoking in the hospital if others around them also refrained from smoking and justified the law that prohibits smoking in public buildings, including hospitals. Sixty-nine percent of the smokers declared that they were willing to cooperate with hospital management in restricting smoking to the hospital grounds outside the hospital buildings, and would accept directives regarding smoking restriction from any hospital personnel. In fact, only 11% of the smokers were requested to stop smoking during their visit.

These findings reinforce the results of our pervious survey conducted among the hospital staff and indicates the existence of a paradoxical vicious cycle of behavior among smokers and non-smokers, visitors and staff, in the hospital. On the one hand the smokers do not have the self-obedience necessary to stop smoking while visiting in the hospital, although they are aware of their misdeed. On the other hand the non-smokers lack the confidence that they will obtain the cooperation of the smokers, although the smokers are willing to cooperate. Both groups expect someone else to either actively restrict them from smoking or to encourage them to restrict the smokers.

Our findings suggest that this “someone else” is the hospital management (and the staff endorsed to implement this directive).

Folic Acid for Preventing Neural Tube Defects

Ziv Gil, Adi Aran, Orna Friedman, Liana Beni-Adani, Shlomo Constantini

Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv

Spina bifida and anencephaly are the most common, serious malformations in neural tube defects (NTD). Randomized trials in the last 2 decades have demonstrated that folic acid, 0.4 mg/d, reduces the incidence of NTD by more than 50%. We investigated the use of folic acid and multivitamins containing folic acid in childbearing women.

Of 221 women interviewed, 67 (30%) regularly took pills containing 0.4 mg folic acid. Women with higher educational levels were more likely to take multivitamins with folic acid than were the less educated (p=0.05). Of the women who took folic acid, only 5 (7.5%) used separate folic acid tablets, before and during their pregnancy. The rest used multivitamins containing folic acid. The 5 women who took folic acid separately were college-educated and nonreligious, and they took multivitamins in addition (p>0.05).

Of the women interviewed, 58 (26.2%) were Bedouin of the Negev. 24 (41.4%) of them took pills containing folic acid on a regular basis. This percentage is higher than that in the Jewish women in the study who took folic acid for prevention of NTD (17%; p=0.038).

Most of the women took folic acid after the first trimester. Only a minority took daily periconceptional folic acid. Multivitamins containing 0.4 mg of folic acid were more popular than folic acid tablets alone. This study emphasizes the need for continuing efforts to increase consumption of folic acid and awareness of its benefits among women of childbearing age.

Nocturnal Eating Disorder - Sleep or Eating Disorder?

Orna Tzischinski, Yael Lazer

Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Israel Institute of Technology; and Eating Disorders Clinic, Psychiatric Division, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa

Nocturnal eating disorder (NED) is a rare syndrome that includes disorders of both eating and sleeping. It is characterized by awakening in the middle of the night, getting out of bed, and consuming large quantities of food quickly and uncontrollably, then returning to sleep. This may occur several times during the night. Some patients are fully conscious during their nocturnal eating, while some indicate total amnesia. The etiology of NED is still unclear, as research findings are contradictory.

Those suffering from NED exhibit various levels of anxiety and depression, and many lead stressful life-styles. Familial conflict, loneliness and personal crises are commonly found. Recently, a connection has been discovered between NED and unclear self-definition, faulty interpersonal communication, and low frustration threshold. Several authors link it to sleepwalking, leg movements during sleep, and sleep apnea. Treatment is still unclear and there have been trials of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. However, pharmacological treatment has generally been found to be the most effective, although each case must be considered individually.

In 1998, 7 women referred to our Eating Disorders Clinic, 5% of all referrals, were subsequently diagnosed as suffering from NED. Of these, 3 suffered from concurrent binge-eating disorder and 4 also from bulimia nervosa. 2 case studies representative of NED are presented.

Gyrate Atrophy of Choroid and Retina, and Hyperornithinemia 

B-A. Sela, J. Zlotnik, T. Masos, G. Yablonski, F. Abraham

Institute of Chemical Pathology and Goldschlager Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is a rare degenerative disease, characterized biochemically by a marked increase in blood ornithine levels, due to deficiency of ornithine S-amino transferase. 4 men aged 35, 36, 48 and 62 years are described with different stages of myopia, night blindness and loss of peripheral vision, which progressed to tunnel vision and partial blindness. Onset of the disease was at ages 3, 10 and 15 years, respectively, while in the 4th patient there was delayed expression starting at about age 50. Most had posterior subcapsular cataracts, and the ocular fundus exhibited demarcated circular areas of chorioretinal degeneration. So far the only patients described in Israel have been of Iraqui origin. Our fourth patient originated from Istanbul, and he may represent a hitherto undescribed variant with a much delayed expression of the disease.

Symptom Severity among Chronic Schizophrenics in Hospital and in the Community

Haim Y. Knobler, Dorit Ben Ami, Orna Intrator, Shlomit Katz, Daniela Moshe, Yaacov Lerner

Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Falk Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Studies, and Dept. of Statistics, Hebrew Universitry of Jeruselam

We compared severity of symptoms of chronic schizophrenics in a psychiatric hospital with those treated in its outpatient clinics.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Mini-Mental State examination were used to assess the schizophrenic symptoms and cognitperformance, respectively, of 25 chronic schizophrenic inpatients matched for gender, age and education with 25 chronic scoutpatients. The Global Assessment Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to test global functioning. Assessment included psychiatric and medical history and treatment and demographic characteristics.

In-patients had significantly more positive, negative and general psychiatric symptoms. Their cognitive and general functioning were impaired. Most in-patients also had medical problems. Age of onset of schizophrenia among the in-patients was younger.

Results show a marked difference in severity of symptoms and level of functioning between chronic schizophrenic in-patients and out-patients. These differences should be considered in the planning of discharge of chronic in-patients from psychiatric hospitals into the community.

ACE Gene Polymorphism in a Diabetic Cohort and Diabetic Nephropathy

Orna Levinson, Shmuel Oren, Chana Yagil, Marina Sapojnikov, Alexander Wechsler, Rosanna Bloch, Yoram Yagil

Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba and Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon

The renin-angiotensin system is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of kidney disease in diabetes. Previous studies have shown a possible association between the D allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, known to be associated with higher circulating levels of ACE, and increased risk of developing nephropathy in NIDDM. The present study investigated the distribution of ACE gene genotypes in the general population and patients with NIDDM, the association between the D allele and diabetic nephropathy, and the association between the ACE genotype and involvement of other target organs in NIDDM. The ACE genotype (insertion/deletion I/D) was determined in all subjects, subsequently divided into 3 groups based on their polymorphism (DD, DI and II). The presence of nephropathy was defined by an albumin-creatinine ratio of 30 mg/g or greater (mean of 2 first morning urine samples).

In the general population most had the D allele (DD or ID) and a minority the II genotype. There was no association between genotype and hypertension, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease. In diabetics the genotype distribution was not different from that in the general population. Within the diabetic group, there was no association between genotype and hypertension, hyperlipidemia, duration of diabetes, or HbA1C levels. Nephropathy, found in 81 of the 156 with NIDDM, was not associated with genotype. Diabetic nephropathy was not associated with retinopathy, neuropathy, or ischemic heart, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease. We conclude that in the population sampled, there was no association between the D allele of the ACE gene and the risk of developing nephropathy in NIDDM.

Smoking and Incidence of Lung Cancer, 1981-1995

Orna Baron-Epel, Helena Andreev, Micha Barchana, Manfred S. Green

Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, and Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Smoking is the dominant risk factor for lung cancer. We compared trends in smoking with those of the incidence of lung cancer in Israel. The proportion of smokers has declined during the past 20 years; the decrease is greater in men than in women, and more marked in the elderly. Since 1980 the age-adjusted incidence of lung cancer in Jewish men has decreased slightly, but in women it has remained constant. Among Arab men there was an increase in age-adjusted incidence of lung cancer and since 1986 it has been higher than in Jewish men.

The largest decrease in lung cancer incidence was among Jewish men aged 75 and over. This may be explained by data on the age of smoking cessation in the population. It was observed that the main decrease in smoking occurred among men over the age of 55 in the past 20 years, which correlates with the decline in lung cancer observed in the older age group. Lung cancer rates in Israel are lower than in other western countries despite the similar prevalence of smoking, for unknown reasons.

Cocaine "Mules"

Ornit Yanai, Jehuda Hiss

L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, Tel Aviv (Affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University)

We present 2 cases of "body-packer" syndrome (BPS) in which the "mules" carrying the packages of narcotics arrived at Ben-Gurion Airport presented symptoms of acute cocaine intoxication due to the bursting of packages of narcotics they were transporting within their gastro-intestinal systems.

Acute cocaine overdose due to sudden massive release of the drug into the digestive system in BPS, may cause psychosis, convulsions and eventually death. Blood levels of cocaine between 0.25 and 5 mcg/ml are toxic and occasionally lethal. When a package bursts within the digestive tract of a smuggler or blocks the intestines, an immediate laparotomy is necessary to evacuate the "ovules" and the remains of the drug from stomach and intestines. Patients merely suspected of being body packers can be diagnosed by physical examination and by means of various imaging methods. They can be conservatively treated with fluids and mild laxatives and kept under close supervision until the remaining packages are naturally discharged.

Sudden onset of psychotic behavior in travelers from South America or other drug-producing countries should raise suspicion of body-packer syndrome. The relevant authorities should therefore be aware of the symptoms and consider their potentially dangerous outcome.