תוצאת חיפוש

דניאל ים (1), גוסטבה קנר-בוט (2), אירנה גנין (2), מאיר שיניצקי (1), אליעזר קליינמן (2),

(1) מכון ויצמן למדע, המח' לכימיה ביולוגית, (2) מכון הלר ושיקום הלב, משמר הירדן, גבעתיים

מחלת לב טרשתית איסכמית (myocardial ischemia) מלווה לעתים קרובות ברמותג בוהות מהתקין של שומנים (dyslipidemia) ואינסולין בדם (hyperinsulinemia), למרות טיפול תרופתי מקובל. המטרה במחקר זה היתה לבדוק, האם תוסף מזון עשיר בחומצות שומן מסוג אומגה-3 יכול לשפר מצב זה בחולי לב המטופלים בסטאטינים (statins) או בזפיברטים (bezafibrates), ללא תגובה מספקת, המחקר בוצע בשיטה כפולת סמיות (double blind) ונכללו בו 52 חולים – 22 נשים ו-30 גבורים – שגילם הממוצע הוא 3.6+-69.2. החולים סווגו באופן אקראי לשתי קבוצות של 28 ו-24 איש. הקבוצה הראשונה צרכה במשך 12 יום תוסף מזון בצורת מימרח, במינון של 7 ג' ביום, המכיל 67% חומצות-שומן מסוג אומגה-3 (תוצרת "ימגה בע"מ"). הקבוצה השנייה – קבוצת הבקרה – צרכה מימרח המכיל שמן זית, העשיר בחומצה אולאית. הנכללים במחקר התבקשו להפחית בצריכת שומנים העשירים בחומצות שומן מסוג אומגה-6 בתקופת המחקר. בתחילת ובגמר המחקר נלקח דם לבדיקה.

ארבעים ושמונה חולים (27 בקבוצת אומגה-3) נשארו עד סוף המחקר. בקבוצת אומגה-3 נרשמה הפחתה משמעותית (p<0.005) בערכי כולסטרול כללי (12.2%), LDL-cholesterol (16.8%), תלת-גליצרידים (45.6%) ואינסולין (34.9%) (בחולים עם יתר-אינסולין בדם 20< מיקרו-יחידות/מ"ל), אך ערכי ה-HDL-cholesterol והגלוקוזה נותרו תקינים. בקבוצת הבקרה ניצפתה הפחתה משמעותית (p<0.05) בערכי ה-LDL-cholesterol (15.5%) בלבד, ללא הבדלים משמעותיים במימצאים האחרים. בשתי הקבוצות לא נרשמו השפעות-לוואי.

המימצאים במחקר מוכיחים, כי הוספת מימרח תזונתי המכיל חומצות שומן מסוג EPA ו-DHA של אומגה-3 מפחיתה באופן ניכר את גורמי הסיכון למחלת לב איסכמית.

אסף ניני, מרינה אנוק, ערן דולב,

המח' לרפואה פנימית ה', ביה"ח איכילוב, הפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת ת"א

גאמא הידרוקסיבוטיראט (גה"ב) הוא סם לא מוכר לרופאים רבים. לאחרונה עולה שיעור הצורכים סם זה עקב השפעותיו המרגיעות והמעוררות מינית. אולם השפעותיו של סם זה עלולות להוביל לאי-ספיקה נשימתית ואף למוות. במאמר זה מדווח על הרעלת גה"ב עם סקירת הספרות בנושא, תוך שימת דגש על הפארמאקודינמיקה, ההשפעות קליניות וההלצות לטיפול בלוקים בהרעלת גה"ב.

עמוס כץ, אלי זלצשטיין

המערך לקרדיולוגיה, מרכז רפואי אוניברסיטאי סורוקה, הפקולטה למדעי הבריאות, אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב, באר שבע

עלות הטיפול הרפואי מהווה מרכיב חשוב במערך השיקולים של כל מערכת רפואית. אחת הדרכים המקובלות בישראל ובעולם להורדת עלות הטיפול הרפואי היא מעבר לטיפול בתרופות גנריות. דרך זו מאפשרת זמינות גבוהה של התרופות לכל האוכלוסיות, מבטלת את האפשרות של מונופול ומגבירה את התחרות בין חברות התרופות.

לאחרונה מסתמנת מגמה של מעברת לתרופות גנריות במרבית התחומים הרפואיים מיד עם תום זכויות היוצרים של התרופה המקורית. השאלה הנשאלת היא, האם ניתן לטפל בתרופות גנריות שעברו את הבדיקות המקובלות לקבלת אישור מטעם המוסדות הרפואיים (משרד הבריאות בישראל וה- FDA בארה"ב) בביטחה בכל התחומים הרפואיים? המשמעות הכלכלית החשובה בטלה בשישים אם התרופה הגנרית אינה בטוחה כמו זו המקורית.

בסקירה זו נדונה סוגיית הטיפול בתרופות גנריות נוגדות הפרעות-קצב. תרופות אלה מהוות עדיין טיפול הבחירה בהפרעות-קצב מסוגים שונים. כישלון טיפולי בתרופות אלה עשוי לגרום לאי-נוחות לחולה, אולם במצבים מסוימים הוא עלול להוות סכנת-חיים. כל תרופה אמורה לפעול בטווח טיפולי (therapeutic window). טווח זה מייצג את חלון הטיפול שבו ריכוז התרופה נמצא מעל הריכוז המיקטי הנדרש לצורך השפעה טיפולית, אך מתחת לריכוז העלול לגרום להשפעות-לוואי. קיימות תרופות בעלות טווח טיפולי רחב, ואלה נחשבות לתרופות בטוחות. לעומת זאת, תרופות בעלות טווח טיפולי צר מחייבות מישנה זהירות טיפולי. שינויים ברמה של תרופה נוגדת הפרעות-קצב בדם, מעל או מתחת לטווח הטיפולי, עלולים לגרום להיעדר השפעה ולהפרעת-קצב מחד-גיסא, ול-proarrhythmic effect מאידך-גיסא, דהיינו הפרעות-קצב מסוכנות יותר מאלה עבורן ניתן הטיפול במקור. תופעות של חריגה מהטווח הטיפולי מושפעות מגורמים שונים, כגון פעולת-גומלין עם תרופות אחרות, עם מזון וכד'. אחת הסיבות העיקריות לחריגה מהטווח הטיפולי היא החלפת התרופה המקורית בתרופה גנרית, או להפך, באותו מטופל.

Myocardial Infarction Due to Cocaine

Doron Zamir, Ilan Leibovitz, Ilia Polychuck, Tetiana Reitblat

Department of Medicine D, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon

Cocaine is a common drug. Myocardial infarcts and brain infarcts related to the use of cocaine were previously reported in the medical literature. We report a 34 year old patient admitted for severe chest pain, a few minutes after cocaine use. He was found to have an acute myocardial infarction with significant left ventricle dysfunction. Coronarography conducted a few days later was found to be normal. Cocaine use may cause acute myocardial infarction in young and healthy people with no other risk factors.

Animal Models of Psychiatric Diseases: Possibilities, Limitations, Examplesand Demonstration of Use

Haim Einat, RH Belmaker

Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

Animal models of psychopathology serve as a central tool for psychopharmacologists in their attempts to develop new, more efficient medications for psychiatric disorders, and in the efforts to explore the mechanisms of conventional and novel drugs. The development of efficient models for psychiatric diseases is complicated since the mechanisms of the disorders are not clear, major parts of the diagnosis depend on verbal communication with the patient and many of the symptoms are expressed mainly through the subjective experiences of the afflicted individual.

Inspite of these difficulties, effective models were developed for most psychiatric diseases. The development of such models is based on their validation in three different dimensions: face validity - behavioral similarities between the model and the disorder; construct validity - similarities between the mechanisms related to the model and a mechanistic theory of the disease; predictive validity - that the model response to the conventional medications that are effective in the disease and will not respond to drugs that are not effective in the disease.

The present paper presents three known models of depression; each induced in a different way and therefore represents a group of models:

*     Reserpine-induced hypoactivity - represents the group of pharmacologically induced models.

*     Forced swim test - represents the group of behaviorally induced models.

*     Flinders Sensitive Line - represents the group of genetically induced models.

The use of these models in an attempt to examine the range of action of a new potential antidepressant and its mechanisms of action is demonstrated with a recent set of experiments with inositol.

Use of Unlicensed and Off-Label Drugs in Hospitalized Children

M. Lifshitz, V. Gavrilov, R. Gorodischer

Toxicology Unit, Pediatrics Dept. A, Soroka Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Many drugs used in children are based on pharmacological data obtained in adults. Therefore, many drugs are either unlicensed for use in children or are prescribed outside the terms of the product license (off-label). This pilot study assessed use of unlicensed or off-label drugs in hospitalized children.

Drug orders of patients admitted to a general pediatric ward were reviewed retrospectively in a random sample. Assessment was based on the data of the Physicians' Desk Reference and the Israel Drug Compendium. 80 different drugs and 278 drug orders were written for 92 patients (0.5 months - 11 years old, mean 26.9 months) in 97 admissions. Of these 52.9% were either off-label or unlicensed. Patients received 1 or more unlicensed or off-label drugs in 64.9% of admissions. They were more often off-label than unlicensed. The main reasons for use of off-label drugs were unusual doses and inappropriate age. The main reason for unlicensed drugs was modification of a particular formulation of a licensed drug.

This pilot study indicates that use of drugs in an off-label or unlicensed manner in children is probably quite frequent in Israel. Our data emphasize the need for licensing a large number of drugs for use in children, based on the same scientific principles as in adults. Further collaborative studies in different pediatric centers in Israel, involving different types of pediatric settings (ambulatory and in-hospital), is required to evaluate comprehensively the magnitude of this preliminary finding.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Training of Family Physicians with Regard to Addiction to Illicit Drugs

Aya Peleg, Roni Peleg, Pesach Shvartzman

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Unit, and Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Substance abuse is one of the most serious problems in Israel. Recent studies show the situation is getting worse. The deleterious outcomes of psychoactive substance abuse include crime, car accidents, physical and mental illness, violence and work injuries.

48 family physicians in the Negev completed a questionnaire which included training, diagnostic and treatment skills, attitudes, knowledge and need for training in this field. 38 family physicians (81%) had had no training, most (96%) indicated the importance of such training. 34 (71%) said that their medical skills could not cope with the problems of addiction, and 29 (64.5%) claimed that the quality of care of addict patients is reduced because of lack of knowledge and diagnostic skills. These findings support the conclusion that efforts should be invested in training family physicians in the field of psychoactive drugs, licit and illicit.

Prevalence of Medical Complaints in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

J. Gindin, M. Geitzn, M. Dushenat, H. Siboni, D. Goldstein, Z. Shapira, N. Konstantin, A. Wurm, A. Goldsmid, E. Hay-Am

Geriatric Institute of Education and Research, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot; Pharmacology Dept., Kupat Holim Klalit, Tel Aviv and Central District; and Kupat Holim Klalit, Rishon LeZion

We assessed the prevalence of self-reported medical complaints among the community-dwelling elderly receiving regular medication, and determined associations between health and sociodemographic variables, and the prevalence of complaints.

The study included 170 patients, 60-90 years of age, living at home. Participants were recruited from the 3 main primary care clinics in Rishon LeZion. All were receiving chronic medication and were followed-up utilizing a long-term medication card. Data were gathered in interviews held in patients' homes using a structured questionnaire which included sociodemographics, diseases and medication, mental state assessment by Katzman's score, and a list of 15 medical complaints common among the aged. Relations to age, gender, education, living arrangements, number of diseases and number of medications per patient were determined.

Mean age of participants was 73.2±6.0 years and they suffered an average of 4.07±2.16 diseases and took 5.10±2.83 types of drugs. The most prevalent complaints were: weakness and fatigue (65.0%), agitation and restlessness (56.4%), dry mouth (45.6%), constipation (43.6%) and dizziness (43.2%). The number of diseases, gender, education and age had the strongest associations with the prevalence of specific complaints, as well as their total number. The association between number of medications and mean number of complaints was of borderline significance.

Influence of Warning Labels on Medicines and Physicians' Orders on Patient Behavior

Yehuda Limony, Pesah Shwarzman

Child Health Center of Kupat Holim Klalit, Kiryat Gat and Dept. of Family Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Compliance of 40 mothers with a warning label, "for external use," on a medicine package was checked in a survey in a primary care clinic for children. We also checked parents' attitudes to giving a medicine to their child when instructions given by the physician or by a friend contradicted the printed warning on the label. All mothers who were told that the medicine was recommended by their physicians accepted the recommendation without hesitation. Another group included 20 mothers who were told that the medicine was recommended by a friend. 9 of 20 mothers in this group refused to use the medicine. Talking with the nurse about the potential risk of medicine in general, some mothers, after second thought, refused to give the medicine to their child. At the end, 65% of recommendations made by a friend were rejected by mothers as compared to only 15% of the physicians' recommendations.

35 of 40 mothers (87%) understood the meaning of the warning label, but only 13 (32%) had noticed it at all. We conclude that patients may accept their physicians' recommendation to use a medicine despite a contradictory warning label much more readily than when it was recommended by a friend. Therefore, any intervention program intended to promote a more cautious use of medicines should include not only the explanations of the various warning labels but should also promote a change in the patient's behavior to a more active search for warning labels.

Pulmonary Hypertension and Multi-Valvular Damage Caused by Anorectic Drugs

Serge E. Goldstein, Yair Levy, Yehuda Shoenfeld

Medical Dept. B and Institute for Immunological Disease Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Marked obesity is an independent risk factor for multisystem morbidity. The use of anorectic drugs is an aggressive strategy for weight reduction. It appears to be an easy way of dealing with the problem, because the patient needn't change his behavior. However, such treatment is not harmless. At the end of the 60's an outbreak of pulmonary hypertension was associated with the drug aminorex, and it was soon withdrawn from the market. 30 years later it became clear that new-generation anorectic drugs (fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, phentermine), which were being used world-wide, lead to both pulmonary hypertension and valvular damage.

We describe a woman of 70 with both these complications which developed after prolonged anorectic therapy with a fenfluramine-phentermine combination.

Hepatocellular Damage after Using Ecstasy

E. Shiloach, E. Zecler, M. Horowiz, E. Scapa

Depts. of Medicine C and Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin (Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University)

Ecstasy is a stimulant used mainly by youngsters to get 'high.' There are few reports of acute injury of the liver due to ecstasy. We describe a 37-year-old woman who presented with the clinical picture of recurrent hepatitis following ingestion of the drug. After several months she developed liver cirrhosis shown by biopsy and CT scanning. This case emphasizes the potential danger of ecstasy. Every patient with hepatitis of unknown origin must be questioned about ingestion of the drug.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Facilitating Alcohol and Drug Abuse in an Adult

R. Durst, P. Rebaudengo-Rosca

Talbieh Mental Health Center, Jerusalem (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been considered a mental and behavioral disorder of childhood and adolescence. It is being increasingly recognized in adults, who may have psychiatric co-morbidity with secondary depression, or a tendency to drug and alcohol abuse. We describe a 32-year-old woman known for years as suffering from borderline personality disorder and drug dependence (including hasshish, marijuana, LSD and "exstasy'") and alcohol abuse that did not respond to treatment. Only when correctly diagnosed as ADHD and appropriately treated with the psychotropic stimulant, methylphenidate (Ritalin), was there significant improvement. She succeeded academically, which had not been possible previously, the craving for drugs diminished and a drug-free state was reached. Although administration of psychostimulants to drug abusers is controversial, as they are addictive, in cases of ADHD they have promoted drug abstinence.