ל' פושנוי, ר' כראל

המח' לרפואה תעסוקתית, החט' לבריאות בקהילה, הפקולטה למדעי הבריאות, אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון ב"ש

נזק שמיעה מושרה רעש הוא מחלת המיקצוע השכיחה ביותר בקרב העובדים בישראל, למרות מאמצי המיגון, הפיקוח והניטור הרפואי-התקופתי של אוכלוסיות עובדי גדולות, רבים עדיין פונים אל המוסד לביטוח לאומי על מנת שתוכר פגיעתם כמחלת מיקצוע. הפניות מתבצעות באיחור, יחסית, כאשר קיימים כבר נזקים מתקדמים לשמיעה ולאיכות החיים.

בעבודה זו, הבנויה כמחקר מיקרה-בקרה, נעשה ניסיון לאתר גורמים מסייעים או מעכבים בהחלטת העובד להגיש תביעה למוסד לביטוח לאומי, לשם הכרה בנכות. ממימצאי העבודה עולה שהגורמים העיקריים המעודדים פניית עובד אל הביטוח הלאומי הם חומרת התלונות הקליניות והיקף הפגיעה באיכות החיים. נמצא שה"מנבאים" העיקריים לפנייה הם:

תלונות על טינטון OR=3.3, 95%CL=5.2-2.1; קשיי תיקשורת מילולית OR=2.7, 95%CL=3.2-1.9; תלונות על סחרחורות OR=1.9, 95%CL=2.5-1.4; חומרת הפגיעה בשמיעה (אודיוגרמה) OR=1.04, 95%CL =1.06-1.02; ותלונות על פגיעות במערכת שריר ושלד OR=1.6, 95%CL=2.2-1.2.

מימצאים אלה מצביעים על כך שהפנייה אל המוסד לביטוח לאומי נעשית בשלבים מאוחרים יחסית של הופעת נשמ"ר (ניזקי שמיעה מושרי רעש). על מנת להביא להקטנת הנטל של פגיעה תעסוקתית שכיחה זו בעתיד, ובכדי לסייע בהליכי איתור והתערבות מוקדמים יותר, יש לנקוט במספר דרכי פעולה: א. להגביר את המודעות של צוותים רפואיים ורופאי קהילה, רופאי תעסוקה, (אא"ג וכד') לצורך בהפניית הניפגעים אל המוסד לביטוח לאומי, מוקדם ככל שניתן; ב. לעדכן את העובדים החשופים לנשמ"ר, לגבי זכויותיהם; ג. להרחיב את פעולות המניעה, ההדרכה והפיקוח על-ידי הגופים המתאימים בקרב הציבור הגדול של העובדים החשופים לרעש בעבודתם.

והיב סכראן (1,5), דן מירון (2,5), רפאל הלוי (3), ראול קולודנר (4), ולדיסלב סמולקין (3), אריאל קורן (1,5)

המח' לרפואת ילדים ב', (2)המח' לרפואת ילדים א', (3) היח' לנפרולוגיה פדיאטרית, (4)המעבדה למירוביולוגיה, מרכז רפואי העמק, עפולה, (5) הפקולטה לרפואה רפפורט, הטכניון, מכון טכנולוגי לישראל, חיפה

זיהום בדרכי-השתן (זד"ש) הוא אחד הזיהומים החיידקיים השכיחים בילדים. מקובל להתחיל בטיפול אנטיביוטי אמפירי מוקדם, לאחר התקנת תרבית שתן, על-מנת לקצר את מהלך המחלה ולמנוע התהוות צלקות בכליות.

המטרות בעבודה הנוכחית היו ללמוד על סוגי החיידקים השכיחים הגורמים לזיהום ראשון בדרכי-השתן בילדים מאושפזים, תבנית רגישות החיידקים לתרופות אנטיביוטיות, וכן שכיחות וסוגי המומים בדרכי-השתן באותם חולים.

במחקר נכללו 151 ילדים שאושפזו עקב זיהום ראשון בדרכי-השתן בין השנים 1999-2000 במחלקות לרפואת ילדים במרכז רפואי העמק. 79% המאושפזים היו בנות. מתגים גראם-שליליים גרמו ל-98% מהזיהומים. הגורם השכיח ביותר שחולל את הזיהום היה E-coli. נמצאה רגישות גבוהה של החיידקים לאמינוגליקוזידים ולצפאלוספורינים מדור שני ושלישי. הכרחי לבצע בדיקת דימות בילדים עם זיהום ראשון בדרכי-השתן כחלק מהבירור, עקב השכיחות הגבוהה של מומים בדרכי-השתן וצלקות בכליות.

מידע עדכני של החיידקים ורגישותם לתרופות אנטיביוטיות מהווה מרכיב חיוני בהחלטה על התרופות שיינתנו לצורך טיפול אמפירי.

מוחמד עבדולגני, פרידה גליקברג, האגוב סהגיאן

המח' לרפואת המשפחה, שירותי בריאות כללית, חיפה וירושלים

זיהום בדרכי השתן התחתונות (זדש"ת) הוא בין הזיהומים החיידקיים השכיחים ביותר. הטיפול האנטיביוטי ניתן, לעתים קרובות, בצורה אמפירית. כדי לאפיין את המזהמים השכיחים בקהילה באזור ירושלים ואת רגישותם האנטיביוטית, סקרנו את תרביות השתן שהתקבלו מהקהילה ופורשו כחיוביות. תרביות אלה בודדו מחולים עם הסתמנות קלינית של זדש"ת.

מצאנו שבדומה לקהילות אחרות, חיידקי ה- E. Coli הם עדיין המזהמים  השכיחים ביותר של דרכי-השתן התחתונות. שכיחותם בקרב נשים גבוהה יותר מאשר בגברים. רגישות המזהמים השונים לתרופות אנטיביוטיות שונות בהשוואה בין נשים לגברים הייתה (בהתאמה) 29.8% ו- 25.1% לאמפיצילין (ampicillin), 51.6% ו-41.1% לצפלקסין (cephalexin), 86% ו-78% לניטרופוראנטואין (nitrofurantoin), 67% ו-54% לטרימיטופרין-סולפהמיטוקסזול, 62.9% ו-49.3% לאמוקסיצילין-חומצה קלבולינית (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid), 92.8% ו-77.2% לגנטמיצין (gentamicin), 88.8% ו-64.4% לציפורוקסים (cifuroxime), וכן 91.4% ו-71.7% לציפרופלוקסצין (ciprofloxacin).

על פי רגישות זו ניתן להמליץ על ניטרופוראנטואין כתרופת הבחירה לטיפול אמפירי בנשים, שבהן זני ה-E. Coli הם המזהם השכיח ביותר, בעוד שבגברים, שבהם שכיחותו של זיהום זה נמוכה, נדרש טיפול בתרופות בעלות טווח פעילות נרחב יותר, כמו ציפורוקסים או ציפרופלוקסצין.

מרדכי בולקובשטיין (1), נתן לדרמן (2), מתתיהו ברקוביץ (1)

היח' לפארמקולוגיה קלינית (1), ביה"ח אסף-הרופא, צריפין, מסונף לפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל-אביב, אגף הרפואה (2), קופת-חולים מאוחדת

תכשירים ממשפחת הקווינולונים משווקים מזה שנים רבות בשוק התרופות בישראל ובעולם. מידע רב הצטבר על בטיחותם של התכשירים מקבוצה זו, השפעות-הלוואי השכיחות שדווחו בעקבות נטילת קווינולונים הן בדרכי-העיכול, בעור ובמערכת העצבים.

אולם השפעת-הלוואי המדאיגה ביותר שניצפתה בעקבות נטילת תכשירים מקבוצת הקווינולונים היא הארכת קטע QT באק"ג, כולל דיווחים על מטופלים שחלו ואף נפטרובשל הפרעות-קצב חדריות. בשל דיווחים אלה נפסלו לשיווק שני קווינולונים חדשים – ה- sparfloxacin וה- grepafloxacin.

לאחרונה שווקו בשוק התרופות בישראל שני תכשירים חדשים ממשפחת הקווינולונים – ה- levofloxacin וה- moxifloxacin. בסקירה זו נסכם את הידוע על בטיחותם של תכשירים אלה ועל השפעות-הלוואי הנגרמות מנטילתם, לאור הניסיון שנרכש במהלך השנים בטיפול בסוגים הקודמים של קווינולונים.

Cilazapril for Essential Hypertension Treated in the Community 

Reuven Zimlichman

Dept. of Medicine and Hypertension Institute, Wolfson Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

In a multicenter study in community clinics, 413 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were treated with cilazapril (Vasocase), 2.5 mg daily. Patients had either been untreated or had developed side-effects from previous antihypertensive treatment. When response was inadequate the dose was either increased to 5 mg or another antihypertensive medication was added, or both.

Treatment significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Pulse rate decreased significantly from the second month of treatment onwards. At the end of the 3rd month of treatment blood pressure was normalized or had decreased by more than 10 mmHg in 91.9% of patients. Physicians' evaluations revealed improvement in 62%; patients' self-evaluations suggested improvement in 61%. Efficacy was equal in all age groups and in both obese and nonobese patients. Antihypertensive response was superior in those with normal renal function. Side-effects were rare and similar to those reported in the literature.

Identifying the Elderly at Risk for Falling 

D. Galinsky, V. Fried, A. Biderman, J. Cwikel, Y. Ben Moshe

Geriatric Dept., Soroka University Hospital and Depts. of Family Medicine and of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; and ESHEL, Beer Sheba

Falling is one of the main problems affecting the health of the elderly. A community project was carried out to detect elderly people at high risk for falls. One of its aims was also to develop tools allowing primary care professionals to detect the elderly at risk for falling. Such a screening test in the community-dwelling elderly (EFST) and a protocol for diagnosis and treatment of the elderly at risk for falls is presented.

Referrals and Self-Referrals to an Emergency Department

Sasson Nakar, Shlomo Vinker, Yaacov Or, Mordechai Schadel, Yosi Niego, Gavriel Plotkin

Central District of General Sick Fund and Family Medicine Dept., Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Emergency Dept., Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot (Affiliated with Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem)

The Israeli health system has been undergoing major changes in recent years. Considerations of cost containment have led sick funds to open new out-of-hours services in the community to reduce visits to hospital emergency departments.

Referred and self-referred visits to our emergency department during a 1-month period were studied. Patients after trauma or whose visits resulted in hospitalization were excluded. Of the 505 encounters 56.3% were of women; the average age was 52.5±19.3 years (range 18-96). 57.4% visits were during working hours of primary care clinics ("working hours"), while the others were "out-of-hours" visits. Only 52.7% had a referral letter, 75% of them from the family physician. The quality of the handwriting in 46% was good, in 44% fair and the remaining 10% were illegible. A specific clinical question was asked in only 16% of the letters. A third of "working-hours" visits were self- referrals, rising to 64% in "out-of-hours" visits (p<0.001).

The most common diagnoses in discharge letters were: chest or abdominal pain, asthma, back pain, headache, nephrolithiasis and upper respiratory tract infection. The rate of self-referrals was relatively high throughout the day. Cost-containment efforts did not seem to eliminate self-referrals with "primary care" problems. The quality of referral letters should be improved both with regard to format and content.

Treatment of Hypertension with Losartan

R. Zimlichman

Dept. of Medicine and Hypertension, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon

The efficacy, safety and side-effects of treatment with losartan (Ocsaar) was studied for the first time in Israel in a large group of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in several community clinics. The 421 patients (51% men) aged 30-86 years (mean 58.6) received 50 mg of losartan daily, increased when necessary to 100 mg, and/or a second antihypertensive drug was given. After 4 weeks blood pressure was normalized in 344 and after 12 weeks in 363. Side-effects were minimal and treatment was effective in all age groups.

Symptom Severity among Chronic Schizophrenics in Hospital and in the Community

Haim Y. Knobler, Dorit Ben Ami, Orna Intrator, Shlomit Katz, Daniela Moshe, Yaacov Lerner

Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Falk Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Studies, and Dept. of Statistics, Hebrew Universitry of Jeruselam

We compared severity of symptoms of chronic schizophrenics in a psychiatric hospital with those treated in its outpatient clinics.

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Mini-Mental State examination were used to assess the schizophrenic symptoms and cognitperformance, respectively, of 25 chronic schizophrenic inpatients matched for gender, age and education with 25 chronic scoutpatients. The Global Assessment Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale were used to test global functioning. Assessment included psychiatric and medical history and treatment and demographic characteristics.

In-patients had significantly more positive, negative and general psychiatric symptoms. Their cognitive and general functioning were impaired. Most in-patients also had medical problems. Age of onset of schizophrenia among the in-patients was younger.

Results show a marked difference in severity of symptoms and level of functioning between chronic schizophrenic in-patients and out-patients. These differences should be considered in the planning of discharge of chronic in-patients from psychiatric hospitals into the community.

Computerization in a Community Health Service Provider

Boaz Porter

Maccabi Health Services, Beer Sheba

As the second largest health service provider organization in Israel, we have been progressively computerized. The process was begun in 1988, focusing on improving administrative and financial processes.

Today there is a single centralized database for 6,000 users. The system monitors member eligibility, accounting procedures and clinical processes, including diagnoses, laboratory tests, imaging procedures and drug-prescribing. The potential of the computer for physician support is now being realized through integration of clinical guidelines and reminder systems into the computerized clinical record. In addition, the centralized database is used for quality improvement, facilitating cost-effective drug-prescribing and efficient use of technology.

The establishment of a computerized working environment for 2,000 physicians and 4,000 other healthcare workers serving 1.3 million patients is a unique model for the development of community health services. Data regarding demographics, disease patterns, drug-prescribing, use of new technology and costs are now readily available to all, from senior management to the individual physician in independent practice.

The computer revolution has also presented a new set of problems such patient-record confidentiality and the effect of the computer on the physician-patient encounter.

Multicenter Community-Based Trial of Amlodipine in Hypertension

C. Yosefy, J.R. Viskoper, Y. Leshem, Y. Rav-Hon, G.I. Rosenberg, E. Yaskil

(Representing the 39 Investigators of Project AML-IL-95-001, WHO Collaborative Center for Prevention of CV Diseases) Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba; Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon; Hypertension Clinic, Kupat Holim Afula; Statistics Consulting Unit, Haifa University; and Promedico Ltd., Petah Tikva

The safety and efficacy of Amlodipine (AML) for mild to moderate hypertension was evaluated in a "real life" setting. This open non-comparative trial included 123 men and 143 women (age 30-91 years, mean 59.4). All had sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 95 and 115 mmHg, confirmed in most by 2 baseline measurements, 2 weeks apart.

Eligible patients were given AML 5 mg daily as add-on or monotherapy and were evaluated 4 weeks later. If DBP was then >90 mmHg, the daily dose was raised to 10 mg; those with <90 mmHg remained on 5 mg. AML was continued for 8 weeks. Other BP-lowering drugs were unchanged.

Of the original 266 patients 22 (8.2%) withdrew due to adverse events (AE), and others were protocol violators, lost to follow-up or withdrew, leaving 211 available for efficacy analysis. In this major group BP was reduced from 165±15/101±4 to 139±11/83±5 after 12 weeks of AML (p<0.05). The reduction was greater in those under 70 years, from 173±12/100±5 to 142±12/80±4 (p<0.05). In those with BMI>30 kg/m², BP decreased from 165±15/101±5 to 140±12/83±5 (p<0.05).

Mean change in heart rate was -1.5 bpm (p<0.05). Mean final AML dose was 5.5 mg/day. The most common AML-related AE requiring cessation of the drug was pedal edema in 2.6% of the 266 patients; in 3.7% it persisted during therapy. Other AE occurring in >1% were dizziness in 1.8%, headache 1.5%, flushing 1.1% and fatigue 1.1%.

We conclude that AML is an effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive suitable for most hypertensive patients.

Prevalence of Medical Complaints in the Community-Dwelling Elderly

J. Gindin, M. Geitzn, M. Dushenat, H. Siboni, D. Goldstein, Z. Shapira, N. Konstantin, A. Wurm, A. Goldsmid, E. Hay-Am

Geriatric Institute of Education and Research, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot; Pharmacology Dept., Kupat Holim Klalit, Tel Aviv and Central District; and Kupat Holim Klalit, Rishon LeZion

We assessed the prevalence of self-reported medical complaints among the community-dwelling elderly receiving regular medication, and determined associations between health and sociodemographic variables, and the prevalence of complaints.

The study included 170 patients, 60-90 years of age, living at home. Participants were recruited from the 3 main primary care clinics in Rishon LeZion. All were receiving chronic medication and were followed-up utilizing a long-term medication card. Data were gathered in interviews held in patients' homes using a structured questionnaire which included sociodemographics, diseases and medication, mental state assessment by Katzman's score, and a list of 15 medical complaints common among the aged. Relations to age, gender, education, living arrangements, number of diseases and number of medications per patient were determined.

Mean age of participants was 73.2±6.0 years and they suffered an average of 4.07±2.16 diseases and took 5.10±2.83 types of drugs. The most prevalent complaints were: weakness and fatigue (65.0%), agitation and restlessness (56.4%), dry mouth (45.6%), constipation (43.6%) and dizziness (43.2%). The number of diseases, gender, education and age had the strongest associations with the prevalence of specific complaints, as well as their total number. The association between number of medications and mean number of complaints was of borderline significance.

Pediatric Research in an Office-Setting Network

Zahi Grossman, Ernesto Kahan, Samuel Gross, Shai Ashkenazi, Itamar Shalit

Kupat Holim Maccabi, Tel Aviv; Israel Ambulatory Pediatric Association; Dept. of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University; and Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva

Pediatric care in the community is gradually replacing traditional care in hospitals. Despite that, research activity in the community setting is minimal due to objective difficulties. These are mainly constraints of time, office work and lack of research-supporting logistics. In the past decade, throughout the world, primary physicians interested in research have grouped together and formed research networks. The aim of such networks is to support and promote research in the community.

An Israel Pediatric Research in Office-Setting network (IPROS) was established 2 years ago by the Israel Ambulatory Pediatric Association (IAPA). Today, there are over 140 pediatricians listed in IPROS, representing the heterogeneous composition of pediatricians in Israel. The network's policy is defined by a joint steering committee. The committee is composed of IAPA representatives, senior network members and Schneider Hospital senior investigators. The research subjects are diverse, and represent common practical issues.

Effective intra-net communication is vital to the existence of the network, and is accomplished by 3 modalities: 1) semiannual updates by mail, 2) e-mail, using an electronic mailing list to facilitate connection between members, 3) semi-annual meetings. Research budgets are derived from public sources like the Ministry of Health and IAPA, and private sources such as pharmaceutical companies. The administration of the network is supported by Schneider Children's Medical Center, and financed by IAPA.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure within the Communuity

Haim Ben-Ami, Yehuda Edoute

Dept. of Medicine C, Rambam Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa

Congestive heart failure causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Symptoms and physical findings can help in diagnosis, but have limited sensitivity and specificity. Objective measurement of ventricular function is essential in virtually all patients in whom heart failure is suspected; reversible causes of heart failure must be sought.

Out-patient management includes education and counseling, emphasis on and assessment of compliance with diet, and pharmacological treatment. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the mainstay of treatment but are underused, and maximal doses are not given, apparently because of concern about side-effects. Diuretics should be administered only as needed to manage fluid overload. Calcium channel blockers are relatively contraindicated in patients with impaired ventricular function. Patient follow-up should be guided by results of the medical history and physical examination. Routine serial testing of ventricular function and exercise performance is discouraged.

Alternative Medicine in a Kibbutz Community

D. Hermoni, M. Kafman, E. Kitai

Dept. of Family Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, The Technion, Haifa and Family Medicine Dept., Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Interest in, and use of alternative medicine has increased in the past few years in Israel. Still, little is known about the extent to which it is utilized, the more common treatments, patterns of use, and its influence on the conventional primary care system. We surveyed a kibbutz community to determine prevalence and patterns of use of alternative medicine and satisfaction with the outcome. The entire kibbutz population was asked to fill out a questionnaire (parents answered for their children). They were questioned as to their use of alternative medicine in the previous 5 years, types and dates of treatment, duration of treatment, and whether it had helped.

Of 1044 subjects, 830 responded (79.5%). 16.4% had used alternative medicine at least once in the previous 5 years. Of these, more than a 1/4 were treated by 2 or more types of alternative therapy. About 2/3 of those responding were women. Most had muscle-skeletal (36%), upper respiratory and/or atopic problems (19.3%). The most common treatments were homeopathy (31%) and acupuncture (20%). In approximately 2/3, the treatment was considered helpful, and either solved the problems or gave long-lasting improvement. 70% of those who used alternative medicine were treated within the previous 15 months and about 40% within the previous 3 months. The use of alternative medicine is increasing and it is now includein standard medical services. Most of those who used alternative therapy felt is hadhelped.