תוצאת חיפוש

Incidence of Insulin Dependent Diabetes in Youth in Israel 

Israel IDDM Registry Study Group

Recent reports from different countries have shown an increasing incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type I diabetes). In Israel, several surveys of the incidence of IDDM have been conducted. During 1996, a national juvenile diabetes register was founded by specialists in endocrinology, and the Israel Center for Disease Control (ICDC).

This is the first report of the national incidence of IDDM in the 0-17 year age group in Israel. New cases of juvenile diabetes were reported using an anonymous form. The ICDC was responsible for data collection, control and statistical analyses.

During 1997, 162 new cases of diabetes mellitus were reported in the age group 0-17, 154 of them diagnosed as IDDM. The annual incidence in the total population of Israel in 1997 was 7.7/100,000. Age-specific incidence was 7.3/100,000 in boys and 8.1 in girls. A family history of IDDM was found in 14.3% of the cases. Incidence was higher for Jews (9.2/100,000) than Arabs (3.6/100,000). Among Jews, children whose fathers were born in Yemen had the highest incidence and those born to fathers born in Israel the lowest incidence.

IDDM incidence rates for 1997 are higher than reported in previous surveys. It will be possible to draw conclusions regarding possible trends in incidence from data to be gathered in the next few years.

Causes of Blindness in Israel 

Y. Hod, Y. Corcia, Y. Yassur, O. Geyer

Depts. of Ophthalmology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa and Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva; Israel Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Jerusalem; and Rehabilitation Services Administration, Services for the Blind

Of the world population, 38 million are blind and another 110 million are visually impaired. Even in the developed countries there are 3.5 million who are blind.

This study of blindness in Israel is based on the National Blind Registry. At the end of 1998, 15,937 were registered as blind, 0.3% of the total population; 776 (5%) of them were 18 years old or younger; 6,426 (40%) 18-65 years old; and 8,735 (55%) 65 years or older.

The leading causes of blindness in Israel are glaucoma (2,074, 13%), macular degeneration (1,954, 12%) and diabetes mellitus (1,680, 11%). Since glaucoma and diabetes, and to a lesser extent glaucoma, respond to treatment, blindness could have been avoided in most cases. National screening programs for early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases would reduce prevalence of the newly blind.

Type 2 Diabetes among Adolescents in Israel 

Orit Pinhas-Hamiel, Ilana Koren, Pnina Vardi

Maccabi Juvenile Diabetes Center, Ramat Hasharon and Lin Diabetes Center, Haifa

Type 2 diabetes has been considered rare in children and adolescents. Recently, increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes has been reported among adolescents in various parts of the world. We report the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among adolescents in Israel.

A boy of 14 and girls of 16.5 and 17 were pubertal and extremely obese, with a body mass index (BMI) between 39-47 kg/m². Acanthosis nigricans, elevated diastolic blood pressure, and hirsutism with menstrual disorders, were associated with insulin resistance, and should raise suspicion of type 2 diabetes. Significant obesity and strong family histories of type 2 diabetes appeared to be important risk factors. Since type 2 leads to long-term morbidity and mortality, its early identification and appropriate treatment are crucial.

Introduction of Routine Hepatitis Immunization in Israel 

Emilia Anis, Alex Leventhal, Malvina Roitman, Paul E. Slater 

Notification of hepatitis A, which is endemic in Israel, has been compulsory since the establishment of the State. From 1992-98 an average of 2,600 cases were reported annually. Many infections are asymptomatic and mild, especially in children. In general, severity increases with age; in Western countries the case fatality rate is 1.5/1,000 among children less than 5 years old and 27/1,000 among those over 50. Until 1987 incidence in Israel was higher in Jews than in non-Jews, but since 1988 incidence has been about 50% higher in non-Jews.

Among Jews highest age specific rates shifted from children 1-4 years old to children 5-9 years old in 1970, and in non-Jews in 1989. Improved sanitary conditions and personal hygiene have reduced very early childhood exposure and hence increased the proportion of susceptible older children and adults, in whom symptomatic disease is more prevalent.

Israel is the first country in the world to include hepatitis A vaccine in its routine immunization schedule. The vaccine is given in 2 doses: at 18 months and 24-30 months of age, and there will be epidemiologic and serologic follow-up. A significant decrease in hepatitis A morbidity is expected in small children within 5 years. The percentage of reported cases in older children and in adults is expected to increase, although the absolute incidence among these groups will decrease.
 

Dept. of Epidemiology and Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem

Malaria in Travelers Returning from Endemic Areas

Andre Matalon, Amos Yinnon

Kupat Cholim Klalit, Dan-Petah Tikva District, and Dept. of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University; and Infectious Disease Unit, Shaare Zedek Hospital and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem

2 cases of malaria in family practice are described in a 26- and a 50-year-old woman. Both probably could have been prevented had common chemoprophylactic drugs been taken. The risk of malaria is greater than the risk of possible side-effects of the drugs commonly used by travelers for prevention. Family physicians must be aware of the possibility of malaria in young people with fever, especially those who have travelled to equatorial areas and special attention should be given to encourage chemoprophylaxis.

Treatment of Hypertension with Losartan

R. Zimlichman

Dept. of Medicine and Hypertension, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon

The efficacy, safety and side-effects of treatment with losartan (Ocsaar) was studied for the first time in Israel in a large group of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in several community clinics. The 421 patients (51% men) aged 30-86 years (mean 58.6) received 50 mg of losartan daily, increased when necessary to 100 mg, and/or a second antihypertensive drug was given. After 4 weeks blood pressure was normalized in 344 and after 12 weeks in 363. Side-effects were minimal and treatment was effective in all age groups.

Listeria Monocytogenes Infections - Ten Years' Experience

Tova Rainis, Israel Potasman

Infectious Disease Unit, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa

7 cases of listeriosis were diagnosed here between 1988-1997 (6 in last 3 years), or 2.94/100,000 admissions. 2 elderly patients suffered from meningitis and 2 pregnant women presented with premature contractions, 1 of whom delivered a premature, infected baby. 2 other patients had fever and gastroenteritis.

Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from blood in 4, CSF in 2 and the placenta in 1. It was isolated from those with bacterial meningitis. All patients recovered. Both increased awareness for prevention and better diagnosis are essential to reduce morbidity from this unusual pathogen.

Low Prevalence of Hepatitis G Infection in Dialysis Patients

Doron Zamir, Shimon Shtorch, Chen Zamir, Zvi Fireman, Hilkiau Zonder

Internal Medicine Dept. A, Liver Clinic, Dialysis Unit and GI Unit, Hillel Yaffe Hospital and Hadera Subdistrict Health Office

Prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in the general western population ranges from 0.2-1.5%. In high-risk groups, such as patients with chronic liver disease, hematologic disorders and drug addicts, prevalence is as high as 10%-15%. Dialysis patients have increased rates of HGV infection (6%-50%).

We evaluated prevalence of HGV infection among dialysis patients, and the association between HGV infection and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Serum samples were screened for HGV infection by RT-PCR. Screening for HCV infection was performed by an EIA test and confirmed by RIBA and RT-PCR for HCV. Sera were also tested for HBV markers.

The study group included all 78 hemodialysis patients and 7 of the 12 peritoneal dialysis patients in our unit during September to November 1997. 4 (5.2%) were HGV-positive but none were peritoneal dialysis patients. 1 of the 12 HCV-positives was also infected with HGV. HGV infection was not associated with duration of dialysis, number of blood transfusions or levels of transaminases.

Prevalence of HGV infection among our hemodialysis patients was low (5.2%), but higher than reported for the general population. Prevalence of HGV/HCV infection in hemodialysis patients was low and unrelated to duration of dialysis, number of blood transfusions and levels of transaminases.

Sensitivity and Resistance of Helicobacter Pylori to Antibiotic Treatment

Benny Avidan, Batia Weiss, Yeuda Chowers, Anita Younash, Simon Bar-Meir, Nathan Keler

Dept. of Gastroenterology and Microbiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

Resistance to antibiotics is considered the main reason for failure to eradicate Helicobacter pylori (HP). Resistance rates are different in developed and developing countries and are not known for Israel. We studied HP resistance rates in 40 patients who underwent esophagoduodenoscopy for various indications and were found to have gastric HP colonies.

Sensitivity was determined by E-test, using clarythromycin, amoxycillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and metronidazole. The resistance rate for metronidazole was up to 67% but that for clindamycin was only 10%. HP was very sensitive to both macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin and clarythromycin.

Equine Rhodococcus Equi Pneumonia: First Report in Israel and its Significance for Man

A. Steinman, G.A. Sutton, D. Elad

Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan

Rhodococcus equi is an important pathogen in young horses. In recent years it has been increasingly recognized as an opportunistic infectious agent in patients with immune deficiency. The increase in recognized cases may be related to the increased prevalence of AIDS. However, more cases may have been recognized lately due to increased awareness of the pathogenicity of this bacterium. Based on medical reports, there appears to be an association between Rhodococcus equi infections and exposure to animals, horses in particular.

During the past year, 2 cases of rhodococcus pneumonia were diagnosed in foals in Israel. This information deserves the attention of the local medical community because of the zoonotic potential of Rhodococcus equi and the danger of its becoming more common. The climate in Israel is conducive to its growth and viability and since it flourishes in an environment with horses, the significant growth in our equine industry in recent years may contribute to an increase in Rhodococcus infections.

Burns in Children in Israel: Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment

Arieh Eldad

Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces and Burns Unit, Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem

45% of all hospitalized burn casualties in Israel are children younger than 16 years old. In various hospitals they make up 30-60% of all burn casualties, depending on the proportion of children in the area of hospital intake, social and economic factors and the type of hospital. Length of hospitalization of children is shorter than that of the general population (7.3 vs 9.0 days). Scalding is the main cause of thermal injuries among babies and infants (70%), while fire burns are the most common causes among adolescents (56.5%); 90% of babies are injured at home; only 40% of adolescents are burned in home accidents.

In Israel, burned children are treated in 25 different hospitals and in departments of pediatric surgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, pediatrics or burn departments. There is no pediatric burn unit in Israel.

Measuring Residual Urine by Portable Ultrasound Scanner

Santiago Richter, Rachel Hag'ag, Moshe Shalev, Israel Nissenkorn

Urology Dept. and Outpatient Clinic, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Urethral catheterization, the standard method of measuring residual urine, is uncomfortable and associated with risk of infection and trauma to the urethra. It has also been reported as inaccurate to a certain extent. We compared catheterization with ultrasound scanning in a prospective study of 52 men and 3 women.

100 measurements of postvoiding residual urine by portable ultrasound scanner, were each followed immediately by urethral catheterization (both procedures performed by an experienced nurse in our outpatient clinic). A difference of >25€ml between measurements by scanner and by catheter was considered significant.

The range of residual urine measured by scanner was 1-425 ml, and by catheter 1-410 ml. There was good matching between the 2 methods in 85 of 100 measurements (scanning accuracy 85%). In 30/85 matching was excellent while in 55 cases the mean difference was 8.5±6.2 ml, range 1-24 ml. The accuracy of scanning was 85%; there was perfect matching between the 2 methods in 30 cases. In the remaining 15 cases the mean difference was 41.8±13.6 (range 25-56).

Each catheterization took 4-5 minutes and scanning 30 seconds. There were no complications after catheterization, but all reported discomfort and dysuria for 1-2 hours thereafter. Scanning was absolutely uneventful in all.

The cost per catheterization, including medication, disposable materials and personnel time was approximately 80 NIS. Our 80-90 measurements of residual urine a month require annually about 80 hours and a budget of about NIS 80,000. Scanning requires only 8 hours, while the cost of the portable scanner is significantly less than NIS 80,000 and it can be used for more than a year.

We conclude that measuring urine residual with the noninvasive scanner instead of by catheterization is easier, more accurate, and more cost-effective.

Multicenter Community-Based Trial of Amlodipine in Hypertension

C. Yosefy, J.R. Viskoper, Y. Leshem, Y. Rav-Hon, G.I. Rosenberg, E. Yaskil

(Representing the 39 Investigators of Project AML-IL-95-001, WHO Collaborative Center for Prevention of CV Diseases) Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba; Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon; Hypertension Clinic, Kupat Holim Afula; Statistics Consulting Unit, Haifa University; and Promedico Ltd., Petah Tikva

The safety and efficacy of Amlodipine (AML) for mild to moderate hypertension was evaluated in a "real life" setting. This open non-comparative trial included 123 men and 143 women (age 30-91 years, mean 59.4). All had sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 95 and 115 mmHg, confirmed in most by 2 baseline measurements, 2 weeks apart.

Eligible patients were given AML 5 mg daily as add-on or monotherapy and were evaluated 4 weeks later. If DBP was then >90 mmHg, the daily dose was raised to 10 mg; those with <90 mmHg remained on 5 mg. AML was continued for 8 weeks. Other BP-lowering drugs were unchanged.

Of the original 266 patients 22 (8.2%) withdrew due to adverse events (AE), and others were protocol violators, lost to follow-up or withdrew, leaving 211 available for efficacy analysis. In this major group BP was reduced from 165±15/101±4 to 139±11/83±5 after 12 weeks of AML (p<0.05). The reduction was greater in those under 70 years, from 173±12/100±5 to 142±12/80±4 (p<0.05). In those with BMI>30 kg/m², BP decreased from 165±15/101±5 to 140±12/83±5 (p<0.05).

Mean change in heart rate was -1.5 bpm (p<0.05). Mean final AML dose was 5.5 mg/day. The most common AML-related AE requiring cessation of the drug was pedal edema in 2.6% of the 266 patients; in 3.7% it persisted during therapy. Other AE occurring in >1% were dizziness in 1.8%, headache 1.5%, flushing 1.1% and fatigue 1.1%.

We conclude that AML is an effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive suitable for most hypertensive patients.

The Israeli Pharmaceutical Market

Segev Shani, Joshua Shemer

Pharmaceutical Policy and Economics Unit, Israeli Center for Health Technology Assessment in Health Care, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

The pharmaceutical market in Israel has undergone many major changes over the past 2 years. We detail measures taken with regard to drug prices and utilization, from 1992 until 1995, when the National Health Insurance Law was implemented. This provides an information base for marketing and dispensing of drugs, economic planning in the public health system, and for physicians and pharmacists in clinical practice.

The national expenditure on pharmaceuticals in 1994 was 9.4% of the annual national health expenditure. From this fact, and the number of registered drugs and the number of clinical trials conducted, it appears that our pharmaceutical market is quite diversified and well developed compared to other markets in the western world. This size advantage enables our sick funds to purchase drugs at much lower prices than the private sector.

Pediatric Research in an Office-Setting Network

Zahi Grossman, Ernesto Kahan, Samuel Gross, Shai Ashkenazi, Itamar Shalit

Kupat Holim Maccabi, Tel Aviv; Israel Ambulatory Pediatric Association; Dept. of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University; and Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva

Pediatric care in the community is gradually replacing traditional care in hospitals. Despite that, research activity in the community setting is minimal due to objective difficulties. These are mainly constraints of time, office work and lack of research-supporting logistics. In the past decade, throughout the world, primary physicians interested in research have grouped together and formed research networks. The aim of such networks is to support and promote research in the community.

An Israel Pediatric Research in Office-Setting network (IPROS) was established 2 years ago by the Israel Ambulatory Pediatric Association (IAPA). Today, there are over 140 pediatricians listed in IPROS, representing the heterogeneous composition of pediatricians in Israel. The network's policy is defined by a joint steering committee. The committee is composed of IAPA representatives, senior network members and Schneider Hospital senior investigators. The research subjects are diverse, and represent common practical issues.

Effective intra-net communication is vital to the existence of the network, and is accomplished by 3 modalities: 1) semiannual updates by mail, 2) e-mail, using an electronic mailing list to facilitate connection between members, 3) semi-annual meetings. Research budgets are derived from public sources like the Ministry of Health and IAPA, and private sources such as pharmaceutical companies. The administration of the network is supported by Schneider Children's Medical Center, and financed by IAPA.