תוצאת חיפוש

אורי ניצן, אוריאל הרשקו ופסח ליכטנברג

חקר השפעת האינבו הוא שדה פורה, אך הקהילה המדעית-רפואית משדרת יחס אמביוולנטי כלפי תחום זה עקב היותו לא מדויק. המטרה בסקירה הנוכחית היא לדווח על היקף התופעה, על נוכחותה המרשימה בתחומים רבים של הרפואה, ולהציג את חזית המחקר העוסק במנגנונים נירוכימיים ופסיכוביולוגיים, העומדים בבסיס תופעת האינבו.

"Placebo” היא מילה בלטינית שפירושה "אני אשביע רצון", מקור המילה הוא פסוק מספר תהילים, פרק קט"ז, פסוק ט': "אתהלך לפני ה' בארצות החיים". שורה זו, שבלטינית מתחילה במילה placebo, פתחה את התפילה מסורתית שהכומר נשא עבור נשמות המתים, ועם השנים הפכה המילה לסמל ביקורתי כלפי תפילה זו, הבאה לסבר את אוזנו של האבל ולגדוש את כיסיו של הכומר.

החל משנות ה-50 של המאה העשרים הוענקה משמעות חדשה למילה placebo (אינבו) – הענקת תרופה למטופל מבלי שידע כי מדובר בתרופת סרק. התרופה אכן עוזרת למטופל, ברמה זו או אחרת, אך קיים ממד של הונאה – לא מספקים למטופל את כל המידע, ובאופן זה מבטיחים את הפעולה המוצלחת של התרופה.

הגדרות רבות ניתנו להשפעת האינבו, וכון שנויות במחלוקת. הגדרה מוצלחת יחסית היא זו של Johnson: "כל השפעה המיוחסת לגלולה, שיקוי או הליך, אך לא לתכונות הפארמקודינאמיות הסגוליות המיוחסות לאותה תרופה". השפעת האינבו מצריכה ידיעה ואמון של המטופל במטפל, ודגמה קיצונית לכך היא תופעת ה- "voodoo death" בחברות השיבטיות בהאיטי ובשבטים אחרים בעולם, המיוחסת לאמונה הקיצונית שיש לקורבן בכוחותיו של המכשף, עד כדי מוות הנגזר מאמונת הקורבן ברצון המכשף במותו (המוות עצמו, על-פי Engel, מיוחס למעברים מהירים בין ההשפעות של המערכת הסימפאתטית והפארהסימפאתטית על המערכת הקרדיוואסקולרית). נראה שעד המאה ה-19 של המאה העשרים התבסס חלק ניכר מהרפואה על השפעת האינבו, ודבריו של תומס ג'פרסון ממחישים את תפקידו המרכזי ברפואה של ימיו: "אחד מהרופאים המוצלחים ביתר שהכרתי, סיפר לי שהוא משתמש ביותר גלולות לחם, טיפות מים צבועות ואבקות אפר, מאשר בכל שאר התרופות ביחד... אני מחשיב זאת כהונאה רחומה". ואכן, עם התקדמות המדע, המחקר האמפירי והתפשטות הרציונליזם, נדחק האינבו לזווית פינה, הפך מנת חלקם של שרלטנים ורופאי אליל, ותפקידו המסורתי כ"תרמית שופעת חסד" נשכח והוצא אל מחוץ למחנה הרפואה המערבית.

Male Genital Self Mutilation - A Cause of Hematuria

P. Schwartzman, Z. Viner

Department of Familyu Medicine, Community Health Section, Ben-Gurion University, The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

Pathological self-mutilation is defined as a deliberate destruction of body tissue without conscious intent. It is sometimes associated with several pathologies such as mental disorders and mental retardation.

We report a non-psychotic male, with borderline mental retardation who practiced sporadic moderate genital self-mutilations as a masturbation technique and presented as a case of recurrent gross hematuria.

ויקטוריה פורר(1), פסח ליכטנברג(1,2), אוריאל הרסקו-לוי(1,2)

הפקולטה לרפואה "הדסה", האוניברסיטה העברית, ירושלים (1), ביה"ח "הרצוג", ירושלים (2)

דיסקינזיה מאוחרת (ד"מ) היא הפרעה מוטורית המאופיינת במיגוון תנועות חריגות, בלתי רצוניות, בעיקר באזור הפנים והפה ולפעמים בגו ובגפיים. ההשפעה דווחה לראשונה בשנות החמישים, כחמש שנים לאחר שתרופות נירולפטיות קלאסיות הוכנסו לשימוש. בשנות ה-70 המוקדמות הוכרה ד"מ כפרי יפול נירולפטי ממושך.

העיוותים בפנים ובתנועות הנגרמים מחמת ד"מ משפיעים לרעה על איכות החיים של החולים ומדרבנים חוקרים להבין את ההשפעה על גורמיה והשלכותיה וגם למצוא טיפולים מתאימים.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Training of Family Physicians with Regard to Addiction to Illicit Drugs

Aya Peleg, Roni Peleg, Pesach Shvartzman

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Unit, and Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Substance abuse is one of the most serious problems in Israel. Recent studies show the situation is getting worse. The deleterious outcomes of psychoactive substance abuse include crime, car accidents, physical and mental illness, violence and work injuries.

48 family physicians in the Negev completed a questionnaire which included training, diagnostic and treatment skills, attitudes, knowledge and need for training in this field. 38 family physicians (81%) had had no training, most (96%) indicated the importance of such training. 34 (71%) said that their medical skills could not cope with the problems of addiction, and 29 (64.5%) claimed that the quality of care of addict patients is reduced because of lack of knowledge and diagnostic skills. These findings support the conclusion that efforts should be invested in training family physicians in the field of psychoactive drugs, licit and illicit.

Second Degree A-V Block in Graves© Disease

Yoram Singer, Pesach Shvartzman

Dept. of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Cardiac tachyarrhythmias are common in thyrotoxicosis. We report an uncommon case of a 53-year-old woman with Grave's disease who developed second degree A-V block while euthyroid on propylthiouracil. The most likely mechanism is an autoimmune response causing infiltration of the cardiac conduction pathways.

Influence of Warning Labels on Medicines and Physicians' Orders on Patient Behavior

Yehuda Limony, Pesah Shwarzman

Child Health Center of Kupat Holim Klalit, Kiryat Gat and Dept. of Family Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Compliance of 40 mothers with a warning label, "for external use," on a medicine package was checked in a survey in a primary care clinic for children. We also checked parents' attitudes to giving a medicine to their child when instructions given by the physician or by a friend contradicted the printed warning on the label. All mothers who were told that the medicine was recommended by their physicians accepted the recommendation without hesitation. Another group included 20 mothers who were told that the medicine was recommended by a friend. 9 of 20 mothers in this group refused to use the medicine. Talking with the nurse about the potential risk of medicine in general, some mothers, after second thought, refused to give the medicine to their child. At the end, 65% of recommendations made by a friend were rejected by mothers as compared to only 15% of the physicians' recommendations.

35 of 40 mothers (87%) understood the meaning of the warning label, but only 13 (32%) had noticed it at all. We conclude that patients may accept their physicians' recommendation to use a medicine despite a contradictory warning label much more readily than when it was recommended by a friend. Therefore, any intervention program intended to promote a more cautious use of medicines should include not only the explanations of the various warning labels but should also promote a change in the patient's behavior to a more active search for warning labels.

Management of Malignant Bowel Obstruction in Home Care

Menahem Sasson, Pesach Shvartzman

Dept. of Family Medicine, Kupat Holim Klalit and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Malignant bowel obstruction occurs in about 10% of those with advanced abdominal cancer and in about 25% of those with advanced pelvic cancer. Such patients usually develop nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal dilatation and colicky pain. Traditional therapy consists of intravenous fluids and decompression by duodenal tube, gastrostomy or operation but postoperative mortality is high. Treatment requires hospitalization and therefor such patients have not been considered candidates for home care.

Palliative medical techniques can cope with this syndrome and allow home care. Hypodermoclysis, non-prokinetic anti-emetics like haloperidol and scopolamine, octeotride, corticosteroids, and narcotics for severe abdominal pain can alleviate symptoms. Medications can be combined and infused subcutaneously in a syringe driver and patients can remain with their families in their natural environment. Such techniques can give these patients who have short life expectancies reasonable quality of life.

Primary Care Physicians in Israel Compared with European Countries

P. Shvartzman, R. Gross, H. Tabenkin, D. Yuval, M. Grinshtein, B. Wienka

Dept. of Family Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba;

Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem; and Nivel Institute, Maastricht, the Netherlands

This study compares Israeli primary care physicians with those of European countries. In Israel a larger proportion of those in primary care are women. The Israeli physicians see many patients a day, but almost never make home visits. They also report for work the fewest hours a day, but spend 21 hours a month in continuous medical education. (more than Europeans?) The Israeli primary care physician scores high in screening for breast cancer and blood cholesterol level, but very low in the fields of minor surgery and alcohol and smoking prevention, contraception, nutrition counseling and normal pregnancy follow-up. Residency training and education may be inadequate, and more emphasis has to be put on the health system and recognizing environmental influences.

Patients' Opinions of the Role of Primary Care Physicians and the Organization of Health Care Services

Revital Gross, Hava Tabenkin, Shuli Bramli, Pesach Schvartzman

JDC-Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem; Dept. of Family Medicine, HaEmek Hospital, Afula; Kupat Holim Clalit, Northern District; Institute for Specialization, Ben-Gurion University, Northern Branch; and Dept. of Family Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Kupat Holim Clalit, Beer Sheba

Patients' opinions of the role of the primary care physician were studied. The study population consisted of Hebrew-speaking members of the Clalit Sick Fund, aged 18+, who visited primary care and specialty clinics. Interviews took place during January-March 1995 in the Emek and Jerusalem, and during August-October 1995 in Beer Sheba. A total of 2,734 interviews were conducted, and the response rate was 88%. 64% of the respondents preferred the primary care physician as the first address for most problems occurring during the day. Multivariate analysis revealed that the variables predicting this preference were: being over age 45, having completed less than 12 years of schooling, being satisfied with the physician, and when a child's illness was involved. Whether the physician was a specialist had only a marginal effect. The findings also show that among those who did go directly to a specialist for the current visit, 49% would still prefer the primary care physician to be the first address for most problems. However, half of the respondents initiated the current visit to the specialty clinic themselves. The findings also showed that a preference for the primary care physician to be the first address had an independent and statistically significant effect on the following aspects of service consumption: taking the initiative to go to a specialist, the intention to return to the primary care physician or to the specialist for continuing care, and the patient's belief that referral to a specialist was needed. The findings of the study may be of assistance to policy-makers on the national level and to sick funds in planning the role of the primary care physician, so that it corresponds, on the one hand, to the needs of the sick funds and the economic constraints in the health system, and on the other, to the preferences of the patient.

Sunscreen Use in an Urban Negev Population

Pesach Shvartzman

Family Medicine Dept., Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

The use of sunscreen in the Negev population was assessed. The study population included 1458 subjects, mean age 35.5‏±14.2 years, half born in Israel and 25% in East Europe. Two-thirds were exposed to the sun 1-2 hours a day and 13% 4 hours a day or more. Only about 15% used sunscreen while shopping, 69% used it at the beach, and less than half applied it to children being sent to school. Sunscreen use was greater in women (p<0.000001), especially those with sensitive skin (p<0.0001) and red hair (p<0.0001). No significant association was found with age, education or country of birth.

Drinking and Driving

A. Peleg, P. Shvartzman, R. Peleg

Dept. of Family Medicine, and Dept. of Epidemiology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

A worrisome connection between driving and drinking was found in 166 people randomly surveyed in public places in Beer Sheba. 80% of the study population stated that they drink alcoholic beverages. Of these, 45% reported drinking at least once a week, and 21% drank 3 glasses/cans at each drinking bout. We noted a trend among those who drank frequently to drink greater amounts. Of the sample, 110 interviewees stated that they had a driver's license and that they drank alcoholic drinks. 39% reported driving after a number of alcoholic drinks, and 23% of them did so invariably or frequently. 5% drank while driving. The drinkers exhibited a high-risk behavioral pattern, remaining in the car with friends (53%) or relatives (16%) also under the influence of alcohol. Those who are aware of the influence of alcohol on their driving skills and the danger of being involved in car accidents, moderate their consumption of alcohol. The results of the study confirm our hypothesis that there is an upswing in the phenomenon of high-risk driving connected with drinking alcoholic beverages.

On the Value of the Placebo: Reflections on Homeopathy

Pesach Lichtenberg

Dept. of Psychiatry, Herzog Hospital, Jerusalem

A case is presented in which homeopathic "treatment" helped, despite the fact that the patient did not take the medication. The author surveys research which has been conducted on homeopathy and concludes that its benefits derive from non-specific influences of the healer upon the patient, similar to a placebo effect. The importance of this influence is stressed, and its wider application in conventional medicine is urged.