תוצאת חיפוש

דרור מנדל, אייל צימליכמן ויצחק קרייס

הפורום השנתי הלאומי לשיפור שירותי הבריאות התכנס זו השנה ה-14 באורלנדו, ארה"ב, בין התאריכים 8-11 בדצמבר. בפורום נכחו נציגי ספקי שירותים רפואיים בארה"ב וברחבי העולם, אנשי סגל רפואי, אנשי מינהל רפואי, אנשי מערכות איכות וגורמי ממשל שונים בארה"ב. ציבור רחב ומגוון התכנס יחדיו לדון בסוגיות איכות בשירותי הרפואה, אבטחת איכות וניהול סיכונים, תוך בחינת היבטים שונים של נושאים אלו, ותוך לימוד התנעת תהליכי שינוי באירגונים והטמעתם.

דניאל ס' מורן, לירן מנדל

היח' לפיסיולוגיה צבאית, חיל-הרפואה, מכון הלר למחקר רפואי, מרכז רפואי שיבא, תל-השומר

תיפקוד מלא ונכון של כל מנגנוני הגוף מחייב שמירה של טמפרטורת גוף בגבולות צרים של 36.5-38.5 מ"צ. סטייה מגבולות אלה כרוכה בפגיעה תיפקודית הגוברת ככל שעולה החריגה. עליית הטמפרטורה מעל 41.5 מ"צ או ירידתה מתחת ל-33.5 מ"צ גורמת להחמרה מהירה, העלולה להסתיים במוות תוך זמן קצר. שני מנגנונים שונים גורמים לעלייה בטמפרטורת הגוף. הראשון מבטא פגיעה בתיפקוד אחת או יותר מהמערכות הפנימיות של גוף האדם, ויכול להיות מלווה בדלקת או בזיהום. מנגנון שני, שונה לחלוטין, מבטא הפרה של מאזן העדין בין כמות החום הנקלטת מהסביבה, הנוצרת כחום מטאבולי בגוף, לבין כמות החום המפוזרת מהגוף לסביבה, בעיקר על ידי מנגנון ההזעה והרחבת כלי-הדם (vasodilation). למרות השוני בין שני המנגנונים הגורמים לעליית טמפרטורת הגוף והטיפול השונה, התוצאה בשני המקרים עלולה להיות מוות.

The Effect of Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Therapy on Respiratory Diseases in Children

Y. Levin¹, A. Mandelberg², A. Gornstein³, F. Srour³, S. Reif⁴

¹The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, ²The Unit of Pediatric-Pulmonology, Wolfson Hospital, ³The Unit of Pediatric-Surgery, Wolfson Hospital, ⁴The Unit of Pediatric-Gastroenterology, Dana Children's Hospital

In order to examine the effect of reflux therapy on Hyper Reactive Airway Disease (HRAD) and apnea severity, 107 children, 78 with HRAD and 29 with apnea, underwent pH monitoring in the Pediatric Surgery Unit of Wolfson Hospital and the Dana Children's Hospital during the years 1995-1998. Pathological reflux was defined by means of the Boix-Ochoa and RI (Reflux Index) scores. In patients with positive reflux, anti-reflux treatment was initiated. Prior to and following pH monitoring, the respiratory status of all patients (both with and without reflux) was evaluated by a pediatric pulmonologist employing commonly used scores to determine severity.

Results: Subject age ranged between one day and 15 years (mean: 15.44±29 months, median: 6.37 months). In HRAD, following anti-reflex treatment the reflux positive group showed a significant score improvement, from an average of 2.9±1.1 units to 1.54±1.2 units (p<0.0001); a decrease in the number of patients treated with oral corticosteroids (p<0.01); a close to significant decrease (p=0.069) in the average dose of inhaled corticosteroids; and a decrease in the number of patients using bronchodilators (p=0.042). The reflux-negative group, not treated for reflux, displayed no significant improvement, with only a decrease in the severity scores from 2.44±1.0 to 1.78±1.2 units (p=0.14), and no change on any of the other parameters.

In apnea, all patients improved, from an average score of 2.34±0.77 to 0.03±0.19 units (p<0.0001), with no significant difference between the reflux positive and the reflux negative groups.

In view of these findings, it is postulated that anti-reflux therapy may have an additive effect on HRAD severity, beyond that of spontaneous respiratory improvement. We therefore find it appropriate for every severe HRAD patient (frequent exacerbations or high corticosteroid dose) to undergo pH monitoring in order to treat those with proven reflux. In respect to apnea, we cannot attribute any significance to the existence of reflux or to anti-reflux treatment.

Influenza Surveillance through Sentinel Reporting Clinics

T. Shohat, N. Versano, A. Kiro, G. Golan, E. Mendelson, M. Weingarten

For the Influenza Surveillance Network: Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel National Laboratory for Influenza and Central Virology Laboratory; Netka Child Health Center and Dept. of Family Medicine, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva

In a joint effort of the Israel Center for Disease Control, the National Center for Influenza in the Central Virology Laboratory, together with a group of collaborating pediatricians and family physicians, a network for influenza surveillance was established in the winter of 1996-97. Nose and throat swabs were obtained from 571 patients with flu-like illness. 133 (23%) were positive for influenza virus. Both influenza A(H3N2) and B were isolated, predominantly influenza B during the beginning of the season. Both circulating strains were antigenically similar to those included in the vaccine for 1996-1997. Patients from whom influenza virus was isolated were significantly more likely to suffer from cough and myalgia in comparison with patients whose cultures were negative (p=0.02 and 0.003. respectively). Results of the first year of surveillance indicate that sentinel reporting clinics are useful for timely detection and identification of the viral strains circulating in the community, thus allowing prompt intervention in preventing the spread of influenza. Conclusions from the first year of the study were drawn and applied in the winter of 1997-1998.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Outbreaks of Diarrhea and Food Poisoning in the Israel Defense Forces

I. Grotto, Y. Mandel, I. Ashkenazi, J. Shemer

Army Health Branch, IDF Medical Corps and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Acute infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and food poisoning are problems of great importance in the Israel Defense Force (IDF). They involve individual and epidemic morbidity, with impairment of health of individual soldiers and in the activities of units. Outbreaks of gastrointestinal infectious diseases must be reported to the IDF army health branch, which conducts epidemiological investigation. This study is based on data from yearly epidemiological reports for 1978-1989, and from a computerized database for the years 1990-1995. The incidence of outbreaks is characterized by an unstable trend, It was highest at the end of the 80's (68.3 per 100,000 soldiers on active duty) and lowest for the last 2 years (1994-1995, 36.3 per 100,000). The incidence of soldiers involved in food-borne outbreaks has been more stable, constantly declining during the course of the years. There was marked seasonality with a peak in the summer months. Sporadic morbidity was constant in 1990-1995, with a yearly attack rate of 60% in soldiers on active duty. Shigella strains were the leading cause of outbreaks until 1993, while in 1994-1995 their proportion decreased, with an increase in the proportion of Salmonella strains. As to Staphylococcus aureus, its role in causing food poisoning has been characterized by marked changes. Shigella sonnei replaced Shigella flexneri as the leading strain. 73.3% of outbreaks were small, with fewer than 40 soldiers involved, while 5.4% of outbreaks affected more than 100 soldiers. Outbreaks in which a bacterial agent was identified or which occurred in new-recruit bases were larger than those in which a bacterial agent was not identified, or which occurred in active field unit bases. In conclusion, the rates of infectious disease of the gastrointestinal tract are still high, although there has been a marked decrease since 1994. The incidence of outbreaks has also decreased, as well as the role of Shigella as a leading causative agent.