Tuberculous Meningitis in HIV

R. Elazary, Y. Kalish

Medical Dept., Hadassah University Hospital, Ein Karem, Jerusalem

The increase in prevalence of tuberculous meningitis during the past decade has been attributed in part to the increase of AIDS. Failure to diagnose HIV can cause irreversible damage and even death. We describe a man with AIDS admitted through the emergency room because of high fever and headaches for more than a month, He was cachectic and had nuchal rigidity without major neurological deficit. Brain imaging was normal and lumbar puncture showed neutrophils, lymphocytes, hypochloremia, elevated protein, and decreased glucose; cryptococcal antigen was negative but acid-fast staining was positive.

Anti-TB chemotherapy was started using 4 drugs and dexamethasone was also given. Considerable improvement in his general condition followed rapidly.

Use of corticosteroids in tuberculous meningitis has been a major issue. They are added to antimicrobial agents in order to decrease reactivity of inflammatory mediators and thus reduce central nervous system damage.

We review several controlled studies in which steroids were added to treat tuberculous meningitis. The conclusions of most were that they decrease morbidity and mortality, especially of those moderately to severely ill. Most considered as ungrounded the possibility of exacerbating latent tuberculous, or any other opportunistic infection outside the central nervous system. However, it is currently recommended to add prednisone, 1 mg/kg/d for 2-4 weeks when initiating antituberculous treatment.
 

Retinal Injury Induced by Laser Pointers

D. Israeli, Y. Hod, O. Geyer

Eye Dept., Carmel Medical Center, Haifa

Laser pointers originally designed for use during presentations are ubiquitous and are even sold as toys (such as pens or on key chains) in drug stores. Though reported as safe, the laser pointers still carry the risk of potential damage to the eye. We report a 16-year-old boy with bilateral retinal injury caused by 20-30 seconds of exposure to a laser pointing-device. Immediately thereafter, vision was blurred bilaterally and he noted a central red scotoma in each eye. Symptoms resolved spontaneously within 2 days but the retinal scars remained all during the 10 months of follow-up.

It is clear from our report and 3 other publications that retinal damage can develop from misusing laser pointers. Laser hazards and safety should be stressed for the general public. We recommend that laser-pointers should not be available as toys to children and teenagers.

Burch Laparoscopic Procedure for Repairing Proven Stress Incontinence

Moshe Bustan, Shabtai Romano, Raed Salim, Jacob Rosenman, Eliezer Shalev

Depts. of Obstetric and Gynecology and of Urology, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula

There are more than 200 procedures for repairing stress urinary incontinence. We evaluated the safety and efficiency of the Burch laparoscopic procedure in 32 women with urodynamically proven genuine stress incontinence.

Mean operating time was 40 minutes and mean hospitalization time after the procedure was 30 hours. The cure rate was 97%, similar to that rin other studies (80-95%). The major complications w2 cases (6.2%) of unintended bladder injury, diagnosed and repaired laparoscopically. Although follow-up has only been for 3-42 months, the high cure rate and safety and advantages of laparoscopy over laparotomy, make laparoscopic Burch colposuspension the procedure of choice for repairing stress incontinence.

The Zavanelli Maneuver - Back to the Womb

R. Geist, Y. Yekel, B. Abramov, S. Grisaru, A. Samueloff

Obstetrics and Gynecology Dept., Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem

The Zavanelli maneuver is the manual replacement of a partially-born fetus due to severe shoulder dystocia. It is described in obstetrical textbooks as being among the last to be tried in a series of maneuvers to rescue the fetus with severe shoulder dystocia, as it is considered a very difficult and heroic maneuver. Few obstetricians have seen it and fewer have done it themselves. It is even more rare when a single obstetrician has done the Zavanelli maneuver repeatedly. Therefore, both experienced obstetricians and certainly young residents are fearful when they have to use this maneuver and can lose control in cases of shoulder dystocia.

We have found descriptions of 93 cases of use of the Zavanelli maneuver in vertex presentations. We also describe a recent case in our experience. We conclude that this maneuver is safe and not too difficult to perform even without previous experience. Fetal and maternal complications are few, but there is of course a bias against reporting bad results.

We recommend that every obstetrician become familiar with this maneuver so as to feel sure that it is safe for him to use in severe cases of shoulder dystocia.

Reactions of Patients to Complementary Medicine

Bella Bar-Cohen, Freda DeKeyser, Nurit Wagner

Division of Nursing and School of Nursing, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem

350 patients attending 11 large out-patient clinics completed questionnaires evaluating attitudes to, and experience with complementary medicine. 129 (36%) respondents reported using complementary medicine. 14% of them used complementary medicine for the current medical problem for which they were attending the clinic.

Pain was the most common medical problem for which complementary medicine was used, followed by respiratory problems and cancer. Common therapeutic modalities used were acupuncture, homeopathy, nutrition and herbal medicine.

Women, the secular as opposed to the religious, and those with higher education were more apt to use complementary medicine. No differences were found in age, national origin, length of living in Israel, and diet (vegetarian, natural foods or regular diet) between those who used complementary medicine and those who did not. No relationship was found between the use of complementary medicine and perceived poor health status, locus of control, or satisfaction with the doctor-patient relationship.

Cells-Preliminary Report Immunohistochemical Identification of Testicular Germ

Batia Bar-Shira Maymon, Gedalia Paz, Leah Yogev, Ron Hauser, Letizia Schreiber, Amnon Botchan, Haim Yavetz

Institute for Fertility Study, Lis Maternity Hospital; Pathology Institute, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

The use of testicular spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection introduced a new treatment modality for management of male infertility.

Since testicular biopsies of non-obstructive azoospermic men are not homogenous in their histological patterns, identification with certainty of focal spermatogenesis might be difficult, particularly in those with small foci of spermatogenesis. We used an immunohistochemical marker of the male germ line, an antibody generated against RBM (RNA-binding-motif), to recognize with high precision the presence of germ cells in the biopsy. Biopsies of 30 men with azoospermia, most with non-obstructive azoospermia and a few with obstruction of the vas deferens, were evaluated.

Immunohistochemical staining for RBM protein contributed to the detection and accuracy of the identification of germ cells. Furthermore, this immunohistochemical technique aided the histopathologist to focus on even small foci of spermatogenesis. Absence of the protein expression confirmed the diagnosis of Sertoli-cell-only syndrome. The results indicate that expression of RBM can be a diagnostic marker for identifying the germ cells of small concentrations of spermatogenesis. This method can enhance the accuracy of histopathological evaluation of testicular biopsies that had formerly relied mainly on hematoxylin-and-eosin staining.

Experience with 100 Liver Transplant Recipients 

Ezra Shaharabani, Ziv Ben-Ari, Nathan Bar-Nathan, Alex Yusim, Rivka Shapira, Ran Tur-Kaspa, Zaki Shapira, Eytan Mor

Transplantation Dept., Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center; and Pediatric Gastroenterology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end- stage liver disease. During the past 8 years we performed 102 liver transplants in 84 adults and 16 children. In the adults, 9 were combined transplants: 1 a liver-pancreas transplant for type I diabetes, and 8 liver-kidney transplants. In the children, transplants included 5 whole-livers, 5 left-lateral liver segments from living-related donors, 4 reduced-grafts of right or left lobes, and 2 split left-lateral segments.

At a mean follow-up of 31 months (range 1-96) 70 were alive, 3 had died during surgery and 15 during the first postoperative months. Mortality was due to primary graft non-function (7), sepsis (10), intracranial hemorrhage (1), tumors (4), recurrent hepatitis B (2), biliary strictures (2) and chronic rejection (1). The 1- and 4-year survival rates were 79.5% and 69.6%, respectively.

After transplantation, 10 developed biliary stricture (5 corrected by balloon dilatation) and 8 anastomotic stricture (7 corrected by surgery), and there were 2 multiple intra-hepatic strictures. There was hepatic artery thrombosis in 5, including 4 children. In 3, grafts were salvaged by thrombectomy and 2 others underwent re-transplantation. In those who survived transplantation by more than 1-month, recurrent hepatitis B was seen in 6 of 17 (35%) and recurrent hepatitis C in 12 of 19 (63%).

Thus, results of our first 100 liver transplants are similar to those reported by larger centers, showing that in an appropriate setting good results can be achieved by small transplant programs.

Tacrolimus does not Accentuate Hepatic Damage due to Hypoperfusion 

Ron Ben Abraham, Ivgeni Isartal, Richard Nakache, Vallery Rudick, Daniel Ogorek, Gideon Paret, Avi Weinbroum

Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Organ Transplantation and Postoperative Care Units, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center; and Pediatric Intensive Care Units, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Deterioration of hepatic function following liver transplantation is a known complication, sometimes attributed to the use of cyclosporin A. Reaction to tacrolimus (Prograf), a relatively new and effective immunosuppressant drug, is thought to result in a much lower grade of organ dysfunction, especially in the transplanted liver.

Using the ex-vivo rat model of isolated perfused liver, we evaluated hepatocellular damage and oxygen extraction when tacrolimus was administered following liver hypoperfusion. Tacrolimus did not worsen hepatic dysfunction caused by the hypoperfusion. Therefore using tacrolimus in the perioperative period might be safer than cyclosporin A, which tends to worsen hepatic damage in the presence of hypoperfusion.

Color Doppler Imaging of Central Retinal Artery in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Alon Harris, Hanna J. Garzozi, Mira Harris-Izhak, Nir Shoham, Daniel R. Holland

Depts. of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis and of HaEmek Medical Center, Afula; and Eye Health Northwest, Portland, Oregon

Color Doppler imaging (CDI) is a noninvasive technique, combining 2-dimensional brightness-modulated (B-mode) ultrasound evaluation of eye and orbital structures, with simultaneous color-coded Doppler imaging of orbital blood flow. It has been used to characterize various ophthalmic disorders in adults. Currently there is no data describing orbital blood flow parameters in either normal children or in those with ophthalmic disease, such as the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

We evaluated blood flow in the central retinal artery of preterm infants undergoing examination for ROP. We also investigated whether useful readings could be obtained on a consistent basis, and the reproducibility of differences in central retinal artery blood flow between subjects with and without ROP (including the influence of "plus" disease).

We obtained hemodynamic readings in 43 of 46 eyes of preterm infants. 13 eyes had no signs of ROP; 18 had ROP (at least stage 1) without "plus" disease, and 12 had ROP with "plus" disease. There were no statistically significant differences in systolic blood flow velocity within the 3 groups. However the average velocity was slower in the "plus" disease group, correlating with the clinical finding of dilated and tortuous blood vessels which characterize the posterior retina of ROP eyes with "plus" disease.

Man in a Hot Climate - Early Studies of the Institute of Military Physiology 

Ezra Sohar, Yair Shapiro, Yoram Epstein

Institute of Military Medicine, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces and Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

In the 1950's many IDF soldiers were hospitalized for heat stroke - about 25% of whom died. Analyzing these cases revealed that commanders misinterpreted human ability to perform in the heat and ignored basic concepts of fluid and electrolyte balance and heat load.

In the early 1960's a series of studies was conducted with regard to soldiers' performance in the heat. The first study (1959), which later became a classic, was conducted during a 21-day march from Eilat to Metula, crossing all climatic zones of Israel. The study was followed by other investigations which approached the issues of voluntary dehydration, fluid consumption vs sweat loss, salt additives, and the effect of heat load on performance.

Based on these early studies, proper regulations were issued to field officers. Over the years, the lessons learned from these studies saved many lives. The number of cases of heat stroke and of other climate-related injuries was dramatically reduced, and performance was enhanced.

Preflight Assessment by Hypoxic Inhalation Test in Cardio-Pulmonary Patients 

J. Lebzelter, G. Fink, E. Kleinman, I. Rosenberg, M.R. Kramer

Pulmonology Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva

Flying may expose passengers to hypoxic conditions, which may induce hypoxemia, particularly in those with chronic heart and/or lung disease. Onset of dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain, cyanosis and right heart failure can lead to urgent need for oxygen during flight. The hypoxia inhalation test (HIT) provides a safe and simple means of identifying those who may develop hypoxemia during flight.

We report our experience with 48 self-reporting patients who underwent HIT prior to pre-planned air travel. They inhaled for 15-minute periods a reduced oxygen concentration (F₁O₂ 15%) under normobaric conditions, during which O₂ saturation was monitored by pulse oximeter; electrocardiogram, blood pressure and symptoms were also monitored. O₂ saturation of 85% (PaO₂ 50 mm Hg) was considered a positive test. In the 8 cases (17%) with a positive test, 5 had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 3 had cardiovascular and/or combined heart-lung disease.

We calculated predicted O₂ partial pressure in altitude (PaO₂ ALT) and compared it to actual results in the 8 patients with a positive HIT. In 5, use of the predicted formula would have under-diagnosed the hypoxemia that developed during the HIT. Thus, the results of the HIT changed treatment strategy in these patients. We recommend that patients with positive tests use O₂ (2LPM or 4LPM) during flight.

HIT is practical and of potential benefit in the objective assessment of patients with various degrees of heart, lung or combined heart-lung disease. Clinicians should be aware of the relative risk of hypoxia during flight in such patients, and of the value of HIT in identifying them, leading to increase in its use.

Autologous Chondrocyte Transplantation - from Science Fiction to Routine Clinical Practice

Dror Robinson, Hana Ash, David Aviezer, Gabriel Agar, Nahum Halperin, Zvi Nevo

Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv; Dept. of Orthopedic Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin; and CTI Ltd., Science Park, Kiriat Weizmann, Nes Ziona

Adult articular cartilage lacks the capacity for self-repair. The limiting factor appears to be the inability of chondrocytes to proliferate while embedded in the extracellular matrix typical of hyaline cartilage. Cartilage defects larger than 1 cm² change articular biomechanics and lead to eventual osteoarth-ritis and joint destruction.

During the past decade, several competing techniques have evolved to stimulate articular cartilage repair. Small lesions can be successfully treated by either micro-fracture or osteochondral cylinder grafting. The latter technique allows immediate weight bearing but leads to damage of previously uninvolved areas of articular cartilage, which limits its application to lesions of less than 2 cm².

When the damaged area is more extensive, grafting of autologous chondrocytes should be considered. First a diagnostic arthroscopy is performed to assess the damaged area and a small cartilage biopsy is taken. 6 weeks later, arthrotomy and chondrocyte transplantation are performed. In the interval, the antologous chondrocytes have expanded by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Our experience to date includes 10 cases with follow-up of 6 months to 5 years. Preoperative complaints of crepitation and locking disappear. There is functional improvement and pain reduction of approximately 50%. This procedure, currently limited to patients under 55 years of age with limited damage to an articular surface, for the first time allows reconstruction of damaged articular areas without resorting to allografts.

Cannabis Has Dangerous Implications for Mental Health 

Emi Shufman, Eliezer Witztum

Jerusalem Institute for Treatment of Substance Abuse, Kfar Shaul Mental Health Center, Jerusalem and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Accepting and forgiving attitudes to the use of cannabis in its various forms, such as marijuana or hashish, are not justified, as they may result in dangerous mental health consequences.

A theoretical framework for this opinion is provided, including information on the various forms of cannabis available. Case studies presented exemplify possible complications resulting from use of cannabis or its derivatives.

Botulin Toxin for Spasticity in Spinal Cord Damage

Ofer Keren, Flabia Shinberg, Amiram Catz, Neer Giladi

Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital, Ra'anana; Movement Disorder Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Therapeutic injection of botulin toxin is well-recognized for reducing tonus in local dystonia. However, its efficacy in reducing spasticity in spinal cord injuries is still unproven. 4 men and 1 woman (mean age 39 years, range 20-56) with spinal cord injury and debilitating spasticity, and no response to standard treatment for spasticity received injections of botulin, 200-300 U, into 4-8 points in their legs to block muscle-nerve synapses.

In all 5 tonus was reduced in the area of the block, while in some it was also reduced in more distal muscles. In 1 there was reduced tonus in both the injected and contralateral leg. The therapeutic effect on tonus persisted for 3 months. In spite of objective improvement in tonus in all 5, only 3 felt subjective improvement, but in none was there improvement on standard functional scaling.

We found injection of botulin toxin effective in reducing tonus in the spinal cord-injured, and to some extent in improving subjective feeling of well-being in some of them. Obective measurement might show functional improvement after larger doses of toxin injected into more muscles. This might be necessary because the muscle mass of the legs is large and the intensity of involuntary contraction is especially high in these patients.

Recurrent Anaphylactic Reactions During Hospitalization – an Unusual Etiology 

Y. Graif, A. Goren, A. Reshef

Military Allergy Clinic, Israel Defense Forces and Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer

The prevalence of hypersensitivity and untoward reactions to natural rubber latex (NRL) products is increasing, particularly among specific risk groups. A young man aged 23 years who experienced several episodes of allergic reactions, 2 of which included anaphylactic shock during hospital admission, is presented. These episodes were initially attributed to intravenous medication, but were most probably caused by inadvertent exposure to latex.

Medical facilities may contain large amounts of latex, and therefore present a hazardous environment for sensitive people. Increasing awareness of latex sensitivity among patients-at-risk and medical personnel, and implementing simple prophylactic measures, may reduce morbidity and mortality. We propose simple and practical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.