ח' טבנקין¹, ד' שטיינמץ², פ' חמאייסי¹, ע' תמיר²

¹המח' לרפואת המשפחה, מרכז רפואי העמק ומחוז הצפון, קופ"ח כללית, שלוחת הצפון של המכון להתמחות החטיבה לבריאות הקהילה, הפקולטה למדעי הבריאות בנגב. ²המח' לאפידמיולוגיה ולבריאות בקהילה, ביה"ח כרמל, הפקולטה לרפואה, הטכניון – חיפה.

אורה שובמן, בוריס גילבורד, פנינה לנגביץ', יהודה שינפלד

המח' לרפואה פנימית ב' והיחידה לחקר מחלות אוטואימוניות, המרכז הרפואי שיבא תל השומר והפקולטה לרפואה סאקלר, אוניברסיטת תל אביב

מילות מפתח:

נוגדני RA33, RA33, מחלות אוטואימוניות, אורה שובמן, בוריס גילבורד, פנינה לנגביץ', יהודה שינפלד, שובמן, גילבורד, לנגביץ', שינפלד

רונית חיימוב-קוכמן¹, ראובן ברומיקר², אריאל מילויצקי¹

¹מחלקת נשים ויולדות ²והמחלקה לטיפול נמרץ בילוד, בי"ח הדסה הר הצופים, הפקולטה לרפואה, האוניברסיטה העברית, ירושלים

Prolonged Neuromuscular Damage following Cortico-Steroids and Muscle-Relaxants

Yehonatan Sharabi, Eran Segal, Ehud Grossman

Dept. of Medicine D and ICU, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Many patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure, are treated with medication that includes a combination of cortico-steroids and non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agents (NNBa). A third of them can be expected to develop delayed neuromuscular damage, which may be severe and prolonged.

We describe a 50-year-old man who suffered from acute myeloid leukemia and was ventilated due to pneumonia. He was treated with pancuronium and cortico-steroids, and during recovery suffered quadriparesis that lasted several months.

Typically this damage is purely motor and is accompanied by absent tendon-reflexes, sometimes with elevated creatin-kinase. Muscle biopsy usually shows deletion and degeneration of thick myosin filaments. The phenomenon is related to the duration of NNBa treatment, and probably results from an adverse synergistic effect on muscle tissue of the cortico-steroids and cortico-steroid-like NNBa given the immobilized patient.

Awareness of this adverse effect of steroids and pancuronium, the use of passive mobilization, shortening the use of NNBa and early rehabilitation would minimize disability due to this phenomenon.

Aortopexy for Tracheomalacia in Infants and Children

I. Vinograd, B. Klin, A. Silbiger, G. Eshel

Depts. of Pediatric Surgery, and Anesthesia, Dana Children's Hospital, Sourasky-Tel Aviv Medical Center;  Dept. of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

During the past 12 years (1985-1998), 28 infants and children were operated on here for tracheomalacia. The diagnosis was made in all using rigid bronchoscopy. During the examination the infants breathed spontaneously, but the trachea collapsed on forced expiration.

Indications for surgery were repeated cyanotic spells ("dying spells") in 22, recurrent pneumonia, and inability to extubate (in 8). In 11 there were more than 1 indications. Age at surgery was from 7 days to 3 years (average 11.7 months).

All 28 children underwent bronchoscopy and guided aortopexy via a left-third intercostal approach. The ascending aorta and aortic arch (and in 6 the proximal innominate artery as well) were lifted anteriorly, using 3-5 non-absorbable sutures (5.0). The sutures were placed through the adventitia of the great vessels and then passed through the sternum.

Respiratory distress was significantly improved in 21. Another 2 required external tracheal stenting with autologous rib grafts, and in 1 other an internal Palmaz stent was introduced for tracheal stability. In 4 aortopexy failed, 1 of whom had tracheobronchomalacia throughout, and another 3 had laryngomalacia which required tracheostomy to relieve the respiratory symptoms.

Postoperative complications were minor: pericardial effusion in 1 and relaxation of the left diaphragm in another. 1 infant subsequently died, of unknown cause 10 days after operation, after having been extubated on the 1st postoperative day. On long-term follow-up (6 months to 12 years) 25 were found free of residual respiratory symptoms and 3 remained with a tracheostomy.

Thus, infants and children with severe tracheomalacia associated with severe respiratory symptoms, can be relieved by bronchoscopic guided suspension of the aortic arch to the sternum.

Drug Abuse among Patients Requiring Psychiatric Hospitalization 

Gregory Katz, Emi Shufman, Haim Y. Knobler, Mark Joffe, Rachel Bar-Hamburger, Rimona Durst

Kfar Shaul Mental Health Center, (Affiliated with the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem); and Jerusalem Institute for Treatment of Substance Abuse, Israel Antidrug Authority

We assessed the incidence of drug abuse among patients requiring psychiatric hospitalization, and characterized the population at risk. The data on drug abuse were obtained from self-reports and urine tests in 103 patients, aged 18-65, hospitalized in the Kfar Shaul Psychiatric Hospital (autumn 1998).

There was close correspondence between the self-reports and the results obtained from urine tests. 1/3 admitted to having used illegal drugs and signs of drug abuse were found in about 1/4 of the urine tests. The most prevalent drugs were cannabis products (hashish and/or marijuana) and in 15 patients opiates.

Drug users were younger than non-users. With regard to psychiatric symptomatology, fewer negative symptoms were recorded among cannabis abusers with schizophrenia, compared to schizophrenic patients with no history, past or present, of cannabis abuse.

The present findings confirm the clinical impression that there has been an increase in drug abuse among mental patients, parallel to that found in society at large. Confirmatory surveys are necessary. Our findings clearly suggest that a change in attitude has occurred in Israel to what has been considered a marginal problem. Hospitalized mentally-ill patients, the younger in particular, should be considered at risk for drug abuse.

The Decision-Making Process of Abortion High Committees 

Raphael Cohen-Almagor, Yehuda Snir

Faculty of Law, University of Haifa

Factors influencing the decision-making process of the Abortions High Committees (after the 23rd week of pregnancy), and whether there are differences between decisions of different Committees were examined. A questionnaire was sent to the 45 members of these committees of whom 24 responded (53%). Some hospitals refused to cooperate because they did not want to evoke discussion about the practices of the Committees.

The significant factors that play a part in the decision as to whether or not to allow an abortion are the medical condition of the fetus, the medical and psychological state of the mother, and the week of pregnancy. The data also show that women committee members are more inclined to authorize abortion than men, and that the more religious members are less inclined to authorize abortions. No differences were found between hospitals, and the age of committee members had no influence. Members did not accord any importance to fear of litigation in their considerations.

Breast Tumors Demonstrated by Tc-99m Sestamibi Scintimammography 

Itzhak Pappo, Tifha Horne, Herbert Merdad, Ruben Orda

Dept. of Surgery A, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Dept. of Pathology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zrifin; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Breast cancer can be detected by scintimammography using Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI). The method is highly accurate, sensitive and specific. Histologically, most of the tumors have been adenocarcinomas.

We present 2 women with rare breast tumors, primary squamous cell carcinoma and malignant phyllodes tumor. In both, mammography and cytological biopsy were not diagnostic, but MIBI scintimammography demonstrated focal uptake in the diseased breast.

Sublingual Immunotherapy for Allergic Diseases

David Nelken

Medical Building, Sprinzak St., Tel Aviv

4 patients suffering from severe pollinosis and/or allergic rhinitis, with or without asthma, were treated as follows: 30 minutes before breakfast the vaccine was dropped sublingually and retained for 2-3 minutes before being swallowed. It was a commercial preparation of allergen, diluted 50% w/v in glycerin.

This stock solution was then diluted in physiological saline containing 0.05% human albumin and kept refrigerated in a dark glass bottle for up to 4 weeks. Of the first dilution which contained 10 Au/ml, 1 drop was given on day 1 and 1 drop more each day until days 5 to 17, when 5 drops were given daily. Then 1000 and then 2500 Au/ml were given sequentially in the same manner, and finally 5000 was given for up to 2 years. A maintenance dose of 3 drops of 5000 Au/ml twice weekly was then prescribed.

41 patients showed striking clinical improvement after about 6 months of treatment. A definite reduction in the use of other medications was achieved in all. Sublingual immunotherapy is practically free of unwanted side effects and easy to self-administer at home.

To establish the specificity of sublingual immunotherapy, patients who had severe allergic symptoms to one pollen allergen causing symptoms in the spring and to a second in the autumn, were first immunized sublingually against a single allergen. A year later, after symptoms due to this allergen had subsided, and if symptoms caused by the second allergen had not improved, immunization against the second allergen was started.

Sublingual immunotherapy acts by increasing mucosal antibodies at the site of entry of the allergen into the respiratory tract. It is a safe and practical procedure with results comparable to subcutaneous allergy injections.

Current Trends in Surgery for Female Urinary Stress Incontinence 

M. Neuman, A. Musaiev, Y.Z. Diamant

Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem

Quality of life of 5% of the female population is impaired by urinary stress incontinence. Its cause is pelvic floor relaxation and the cure is surgical. The most widely performed operations are retropubic colposuspensions and sling operations, which have relatively high, well-proven cure rates. Yet because of the long rehabilitation required, gyneco-urologists seek minimally invasive ways to solve the problem.

Vaginal colporrhaphy and laparoscopic operations are not common, but the recently reported TVT might become popular if proven effective.

Diabetes and Premature Delivery: Etiology and Risk Factors 

Avi Beigelman, Arnon Wiznitzer, Ilana Shoham-Vardi, Hilel Vardi, Gershon Holtcberg, Moshe Mazor

Depts. of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation, Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba

Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, while preterm labor and delivery in diabetes mellitus (DM) carries an increased risk of perinatal complications. We investigated the hypothesis that DM (gestational and pregestational) is an independent risk factor for preterm birth and evaluated the hypothesis that the risk factors for preterm birth in diabetics are different from those in non-diabetics.

The study population consisted of all singleton deliveries at this hospital between 1990-1997. Excluded were those of mothers who had not had prenatal care, or who had only partial care or multiple gestations. There were 3 subgroups: 834 women with pregestational DM, 3,841 with gestational DM, and 66,253 non-diabetics.

The combined spontaneous and induced preterm delivery rate was determined in each subgroup. Potential risk factors for spontaneous preterm deliveries were assessed by a univariate model. A logistic regression model was used to assess the unique contribution of DM (gestational and pregestational) to preterm delivery in the presence of the other risk factors, and to compare risk factors for preterm delivery between subgroups.

The prevalence of spontaneous preterm delivery was: 7.1% in non-diabetics, 10.0% in those with gestational DM and 25.5% in those with pregestational DM. When adjusted by a multivariate model for other risk factors for preterm delivery, DM still remained an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery (gestational DM: odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI: 1.1-1.48; pregestational diabetes: odds ratio 3.4, 95% CI: 2.65-4.36).

The main difference in risk factors for preterm birth between the 3 subgroups was the amount of amniotic fluid. Polyhydramnios was an independent risk factor for preterm delivery in non-diabetics and in pregestational DM, but not in gestational DM. On the other hand, oligohydramnios was associated with a higher risk for preterm delivery only in gestational DM compared to non-diabetics.

DM (gestational and pregestational) is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery. Polyhydramnios is an independent risk factor for preterm delivery in pregestational but not in gestational DM. Oligohydramnios is a greater risk factor for preterm delivery in gestational DM compared to non-diabetics.

Familiarizing Medical Students with Hospital Social Worker's Role 

Barbara Rabin (Rabinowitz), Dafna Manor

Dept. of Social Work, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba

Patient care in a general hospital is usually provided by a multi-professional team. Treatment is most effective when each professional understands the functions of the various other members of the team. Professional literature and research have highlighted differences in perception by social workers and physicians of the proper function of the medical social worker.

Our social work department has developed a teaching program for medical students to enhance their knowledge with regard to this issue. It is presented at a single-session group meeting of an hour and a half, with structured content and goals.

Videothorascopic Sympathectomy for Palmar Hyperhidriosis

Nahum Nesher, Ronen Galili, Ram Sharony, Gidon Uretzky, Milton Saute

Dept. of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lady Davis - Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa

Palmar hyperhidriosis is not a life-threatening disease but leads to loss in the quality of life. Conservative treatment is ineffective and major surgery involves perioperative complications and esthetic impairment.

From 1992 to 1998 we treated 156 patients with palmar hyperhidriosis using a single port, drainless videothoracoscopic procedure with almost no complications.

Scaphoid Fractures in Children  

Shalom Stahl

Hand Surgery Unit, Rambam Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa

The scaphoid is the most common carpal bone fractured in adults. In children the fracture is distinctly uncommon. We present our experience with 23 children treated between 1987-1998, 19 of them with fractures in the distal third of the wrist; there were 11 avulsions, 4 waist fractures, and 12 were undisplaced. The mechanism of injury was a direct blow or a fall onto the outstretched hand. Immobilization in a plaster cast led to union in all except 1 case.

Based on our experience and study of the literature, it is evident that scaphoid fractures, although uncommon, do occur. Thorough clinical and radiological examination of children with a forearm or wrist injury is important in detecting such fractures.