תוצאת חיפוש

נורית ניראל¹, שלמה בירקנפלד², יוחנן בן-בסט¹

¹מאיירס-ג'וינט-מכון ברוקדייל, ירושלים; ²ההסתדרות הרפואית בישראל, רמת-גן

מערכת הבריאות בישראל מודעת למצוקה המתמשכת שבה שרויים אחדים מהמקצועות הרפואיים. ועדת אמוראי דנה בנושא זה, אולם סיכמה כי אין באפשרותה להעמיק בו בשל מחסור בנתונים והיעדר כלים להשגתם. מחקר זה נועד להיענות להמלצתה לבחון סוגיה זו על-ידי "חקר המקרה" של הכירורגיה הכללית והרפואה הפנימית, אשר זוהו כמקצועות במצוקה בסיפרות הרפואית, בעדויות לוועדת אמוראי ובראיונות המקדימים שערכנו. המטרות היו לזהות קריטריונים (Criteria) ל"מקצוע רפואי במצוקה" ומדדים (Measures) העשויים לאמוד את היקפה של מצוקה זו. השיטות שננקטו היו כדלקמן: א' ניתוח איכותני של עדויות בכתב וראיונות עם מנהלי בתי-חולים, אנשי מפתח במערכת הבריאות, ומנהלי מחלקות לכירורגיה כללית ולרפואה פנימית; ב' עיבוד נתונים מינהליים של קבצים ארציים; ג' ניתוח משני של נתוני סקר ארצי קודם של רופאים מומחים. זוהו חמישה מדדים למקצוע רפואי במצוקה: מחסור במתמחים "טובים"; קושי באיוש תקנים; עומס עבודה כתוצאה ממחסור ברופאים ביחס למטלות הקליניות; תחושה של תגמול נמוך ואפשרויות מוגבלות לאפיקי הכנסה נוספים; ואיכות פחותה של חיי העבודה במקצוע. בחינה השוואתית של חלק מהמדדים הללו גילתה, כי הם אכן עשויים להוות מדדים לכימות המצוקה. לסיכום, ניתן להגדיר מדדים למקצועות במצוקה ולכמת את מידת המצוקה כצעד ראשון לזיהוי הדרכים להתמודדות עימה. מימצאים אלה מצדיקים מחקר בקרב מספר רב יותר של רופאים ממיגוון רחב של מקצועות רפואיים.

המשבר הפוקד את מקצוע הרפואה הפנימית בעשור האחרון נובע מקושי בגיוס הטובים והמבריקים שבבוגרי הפקולטות לרפואה. לנוכח העלייה במספרן של הנשים בוגרות לימודי הרפואה, נדרש מענה הולם להתחבטותן הטבעית בין טיפוח משפחה וגידול ילדים לבין ההתמסרות להכשרה רפואית תובענית. אנו מציעים לשקול בכובד ראש את האפשרות של התמחות במשרה חלקית ברפואה פנימית בישראל.

לסיכום, במאמר זה, בצד הצעתנו, אנו מביאים דיווחים על ניסיונן המוצלח של מדינות אחרות בעולם עם מסלולי התמחות במישרה חלקית.
 

משה זוננבליק 

המח' לגריאטריה, מרכז רפואי שערי צדק, ירושלים 

לרפואה הגריאטרית היבטים שונים, הכוללים הערכה גריאטרית, שיקום גריאטרי, גריאטריה חדה וכדומה.

בשנים האחרונות נדונה מקומה של המחלקה לגריאטריה בבית-חולים כללי. בישראל קיימת מחלקה לגריאטריה במרבית בתי-החולים הכלליים, אך מאפייני המחלקה שונים מבית-חולים אחד למשנהו.

נראה כי מחלקה לגריאטריה בבית-חולים אינה יכולה להוות חלופה למחלקות לרפואה פנימית, אלא משלימה שלהן. במחלקה לגריאטריה צריכים להיות מטופלים חולים קשישים עם צרכים ייחודיים, כגון קשישים עם תחלואה רב-מערכתית, תחלואה חדה המשולבת בירידה תיפקודית וקוגניטיבית, צפי לצורך באישפוז ממושך, צפי לצורך באישפוז כרוני ועוד. במקביל, יש לעודד אינטגרציה בין המחלקה לגריאטריה למוסדות האישפוז הכרוני, כשהמחלקה פועלת "כמטריה מייעצת" למחלקות האישפוז השונות בבית-החולים, שגיל רוב המאושפזים בהן הוא מ-65 שנה ומעלה. מתפקידי המחלקה לגריאטריה גם להכשיר מתמחים וללמד מקצוע זה בפקולטות לרפואה.

קיומה של מחלקה לגריאטריה בבית-חולים כללי תסייע בשמירת מעמדה של הרפואה הפנימית.

Malaria in Travelers Returning from Endemic Areas

Andre Matalon, Amos Yinnon

Kupat Cholim Klalit, Dan-Petah Tikva District, and Dept. of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University; and Infectious Disease Unit, Shaare Zedek Hospital and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem

2 cases of malaria in family practice are described in a 26- and a 50-year-old woman. Both probably could have been prevented had common chemoprophylactic drugs been taken. The risk of malaria is greater than the risk of possible side-effects of the drugs commonly used by travelers for prevention. Family physicians must be aware of the possibility of malaria in young people with fever, especially those who have travelled to equatorial areas and special attention should be given to encourage chemoprophylaxis.

Treatment of Hypertension with Losartan

R. Zimlichman

Dept. of Medicine and Hypertension, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon

The efficacy, safety and side-effects of treatment with losartan (Ocsaar) was studied for the first time in Israel in a large group of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in several community clinics. The 421 patients (51% men) aged 30-86 years (mean 58.6) received 50 mg of losartan daily, increased when necessary to 100 mg, and/or a second antihypertensive drug was given. After 4 weeks blood pressure was normalized in 344 and after 12 weeks in 363. Side-effects were minimal and treatment was effective in all age groups.

Follicular Splenic Lymphoid Hyperplasia Associated with EBV Infection

Boleslaw Knobel, Enrique Melamud, Sharon Nofech-Moses, Liliana Zeidel

Dept. of Medicine B and Institute of Pathology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Massive splenomegaly is defined as a spleen weighing about 10 times normal weight. We describe a 36-year-old man who had huge splenomegaly and secondary pancytopenia simulating malignant lymphoma for about 3 months. Splenectomy was necessary because of the suspicion of hematologic malignancy, especially isolated lymphoma of the spleen, and pain and mechanical abdominal disturbances.

On operation, the spleen was 25 cm long and weighed 250 g. There was florid, reactive follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. Immunohistochemical staining with CD-20(L26), CD-45Ro(UCHL), bcl-2 oncoprotein (Dakopatts), EBV (anti-EBV mol weight 60 KD, Dakopatts) was consistent with reaction to EBV infection and not with follicular lymphoma. Lack of PCR amplification using DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded splenic tissue indicated absence of a monoclonal B cell population carrying rearranged immunoglobulin genes. The lymphocytic population was proven polyclonal by the negative results of PCR for the bcl-2 gene rearrangement. EBV seroconversion from high titer antibodies of anti-EBV-VCA-IgM to negative, and from negative EBNA to positive was consistent with an apparent primary EBV infection.

We have not found on computerized search a previous report of reactive follicular splenic hyperplasia to EBV infection causing huge splenomegaly, with or without EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis.

Low Prevalence of Hepatitis G Infection in Dialysis Patients

Doron Zamir, Shimon Shtorch, Chen Zamir, Zvi Fireman, Hilkiau Zonder

Internal Medicine Dept. A, Liver Clinic, Dialysis Unit and GI Unit, Hillel Yaffe Hospital and Hadera Subdistrict Health Office

Prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in the general western population ranges from 0.2-1.5%. In high-risk groups, such as patients with chronic liver disease, hematologic disorders and drug addicts, prevalence is as high as 10%-15%. Dialysis patients have increased rates of HGV infection (6%-50%).

We evaluated prevalence of HGV infection among dialysis patients, and the association between HGV infection and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Serum samples were screened for HGV infection by RT-PCR. Screening for HCV infection was performed by an EIA test and confirmed by RIBA and RT-PCR for HCV. Sera were also tested for HBV markers.

The study group included all 78 hemodialysis patients and 7 of the 12 peritoneal dialysis patients in our unit during September to November 1997. 4 (5.2%) were HGV-positive but none were peritoneal dialysis patients. 1 of the 12 HCV-positives was also infected with HGV. HGV infection was not associated with duration of dialysis, number of blood transfusions or levels of transaminases.

Prevalence of HGV infection among our hemodialysis patients was low (5.2%), but higher than reported for the general population. Prevalence of HGV/HCV infection in hemodialysis patients was low and unrelated to duration of dialysis, number of blood transfusions and levels of transaminases.

Cryptococcal Meningitis Following Cryptococcal Pneumonia in an Immunocompetent

N. Reichman, M. Elias, R. Raz, E. Flatau

Dept. of Internal Medicine B and Infectious Disease Unit, HaEmek Hospital, Afula and Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is common in the immunocompromised (especially due to AIDS), but also occurs in immunocompetent subjects. CM can complicate cryptococcal pneumonia (CP) not only in the immunocompromised but also in the immunocompetent. We describe a healthy 26-year-old man who developed a prolonged lung infection. Diagnosis of cryptococcal pneumonia was established from bronchoscopic washings. He recovered spontaneously, so no antifungal treatment was given.

4 months later he was admitted with cryptococcal meningitis and was treated successfully with amphotericin B. An extensive immunologic study revealed no abnormalities. Since CM can complicate cryptococcal pneumonia, it is recommended that patients with CP be followed, even if recovery is apparently complete.

Ferritin in Adult Still's Disease

E. Flatau, N. Reichman, N. Kaufman

Dept. of Medicine B, Central Hospital of the Emek, Afula and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa

Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is characterized by a spiking fever and diverse clinical findings; the diagnosis is often delayed for months or even years. The only positive laboratory finding is neutrophilic leukocytosis. Since 1987, the diagnostic importance of elevated serum ferritin levels has been discussed in numerous papers, but is not yet among the diagnostic criteria for AOSD. We describe a case in which the finding of extreme hyperferritinemia enabled prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Severe Hypercalcemia Due to Renal Transitional Cell Carcinoma

D. Zamir, J. Weizman, N. Erlich, M. Amar, P. Weiner

Depts. of Medicine A, Urology and Pathology, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera

Hypercalcemia is a common metabolic disorder, especially in the elderly. The most common etioloare hyperparathy-roidism or malignancy, most often of the lung, breast, kidney or hematological system. Because hypercalcemia is an uncommon manifestation in urinary tract epithelial tumors, especially those of the renal pelvis, we present a man aged 62 years with hypercalcemia due to renal transitional cell carcinoma.

Severe Heat Stroke in an Intensive Care Unit

Amir Halkin, Dina Lev, Oded Szold, Philip Bidermann, Sarah Bulocnic, Pinchas Halpern, Patrick Sorkine

Depts. of Medicine and Surgery, and Intensive Care Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center

During the August 1998 heat wave in Tel Aviv we admitted many patients for acute heat-related illness; 6 had severe heat stroke and were admitted in critical condition. We describe their clinical courses during the first 5 days of hospitalization, including response to treatment and implications for future management of this disorder.

The mean APACHE II score of the 6 was 30±3.5 and mean Glasgow Coma Scale rating 3.5±0.5; they were in hypovolemic shock and respiratory failure, necessitating mechanical ventilation. Despite early effective therapy (core temperature in all was reduced to less than 398C in less than 1 hour), there was 1 death (mortality 15%) and 4 required further intensive care for life-threatening multiple organ failure.

During severe heat waves a significant number of referrals for acute heat-related illness must be anticipated, possibly overwhelming admission capacity of regional intensive-care units. Severe heat stroke complicated by multi-organ failure is not necessarily related to prior physical activity. Although important in determining prognosis, early treatment does not prevent severe complications. Mechanisms regulating body heat may remain disturbed for days following early treatment and apparent stabilization, mandating continued hospitalization.

Relapse of Sarcoidosis after Alternative Medical Treatment

Georgy Edelson, Yair Levy, Yehuda Shoenfeld

Dept. of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Reference to alternative medicine frequently appears in newspaper headlines, advertisements and in articles in medical journals. The practice of alternative medicine has increased, even as the number of critical articles warning of deleterious effects have also increased. Public demand is strong and growing, but there are no clear rules as to what is not permissible, particularly when treatment is not by qualified physicians. There are still no clear indications and contra-indications for complementary (not alternative) medicine in patients with organic injuries and life-threatening conditions. However, it is obvious that in these patients complementary medicine should not be substituted for conventional therapy.

We present a 32-year-old man with sarcoidosis who discontinued conventional therapy on his own initiative and began alternative medicine (homeopathy) with subsequent deterioration in his condition. He was hospitalized for a relapse of his sarcoidosis which required large doses of corticosteroids.

High Alkaline Phosphatase in Subacute Thyroiditis

Rami Kantor, Rachel Pauzner, Elena Pali, Zvi Farfel

Dept. of Internal Medicine E, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

Subacute thyroiditis may be hard to diagnose, therefore patients are sometimes misdiagnosed and subjected to unnecessary work-up. We report a 37-year-old man with subacute thyroiditis and a high concentration of serum alkaline phosphatase. After aspirin treatment there was clinical improvement and decrease in rapid ESR, and in high serum thyroxin and alkaline phosphatase. The increased alkaline phosphatase, seen in as many as 50% of patients, is of hepatic origin, and is not caused by high serum thyroxin. Awareness of this relationship may help in diagnosis and may prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures, which may be invasive.

Fibrosarcoma after Silicone Breast Augmentation: Associated?

Anabel Aharon-Maor, Yair Levy, Yehuda Schoenfeld

Medical Dept. B, Chaim Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University

We describe a 42-year-old woman in whom bilateral fibrosarcoma of the breast was diagnosed 15 years after bilateral breast augmentation with silicone implants. 3 years prior to admission the implants were replaced and 2 years prior to admission mammography showed a nodule in the left breast which biopsy showed to be fibrosarcoma. The implants were removed from both breasts and she was given chemotherapy but later that year underwent bilateral mastectomy. Despite chemotherapy, as well as adjuvant radiotherapy, the disease progressed, with involvement of the lungs and the skin of the left hemithorax. She was admitted repeatedly for severe anemia caused by bleeding from the malignant skin lesions, and died less than 2 years after diagnosis of the disease.

Not all reports in the literature find a significant connection between silicone implants and subsequent development of breast cancer, but there are reports that do connect them. Breast fibrosarcoma is not significantly more frequent after silicone augmentation, but still there is controversy as to whether there is a connection between silicone implants and breast malignancy. In the patient we present, the prolonged exposure to silicone may have been a predisposing factor for the development of bilateral fibrosarcoma, since other known risk factors for breast cancer were denied.

Hepatocellular Damage after Using Ecstasy

E. Shiloach, E. Zecler, M. Horowiz, E. Scapa

Depts. of Medicine C and Gastroenterology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin (Affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University)

Ecstasy is a stimulant used mainly by youngsters to get 'high.' There are few reports of acute injury of the liver due to ecstasy. We describe a 37-year-old woman who presented with the clinical picture of recurrent hepatitis following ingestion of the drug. After several months she developed liver cirrhosis shown by biopsy and CT scanning. This case emphasizes the potential danger of ecstasy. Every patient with hepatitis of unknown origin must be questioned about ingestion of the drug.