Israel Medical Association Journal

Background: Breech presentation is a major indication for cesarean delivery (CD); however, the ideal timing of breech CD is debatable.

Objectives: To study the influence of gestational age at the time of CD in breech presentation on maternal and fetal complications.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study including term singleton CDs of breech presentation between February 2020 and January 2022 at a tertiary medical center. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared by gestational age at the time of CD. Logistic regression models were constructed to adjust for confounders.

Results: The study population included 468 CDs, 227 (48.5%) were at 37 + 0 to 38 + 6 weeks, 168 (36%) were at 39 + 0 to 39 + 6 weeks (comparison group), and 73 (15.5%) were at ≥ 40 weeks at the time of delivery. The rate of emergent CDs was significantly higher in both study groups. The composite of maternal adverse outcomes was also significantly higher at ≥ 40 weeks of gestation. Using logistic regression model, associations remained significant. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) for emergent CDs at 37 + 0 to 38 + 6 weeks and at ≥ 40 weeks were 1.65 (P = 0.018) and 2.407 (P = 0.004), respectively. Adjusted OR for maternal adverse outcomes at ≥ 40 weeks was 2.094 (P = 0.018). Higher rates of emergent CDs in both study groups compared to the comparison group was noted. A composite of maternal adverse outcomes was significantly higher at ≥ 40 weeks of gestation. This association remained significant after controlling for potential confounders.

Conclusions: CDs at 39 + 0 to 39 + 6 weeks are associated with better maternal outcomes and lower rates of emergent CDs.

A 26-year-old female at 28 weeks of gestation with her fourth pregnancy presented with a 24-hour history of diffuse abdominal pain and distension. In addition, she had nausea, vomiting, and constipation. The pain did not respond to analgesics. She had poor prenatal care during her pregnancy. She had previously had three cesarean deliveries. The first cesarean delivery was due to non-progressive second stage of labor, the second was preterm due to abdominal pain and suspected uterine rupture, and the last was due to the previous cesarean deliveries. In her last previous pregnancy, she presented with recurrent milder abdominal pain, which resolved spontaneously.

On examination, she was afebrile, with normal blood pressure and heart rate. Her abdomen was distended, tympanic, and mildly tender to palpation with no tenderness on the cesarean scar and no peritoneal signs. Her laboratory testing was normal except for mild hypokalemia.

Background: Pediatric patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are commonly treated with daily multiple insulin injections or an insulin pump. They tend to have higher body mass index-standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) than non-diabetic children.

Objectives: To identify patterns in the changes in BMI in the 3 years after T1DM diagnosis, and to discover factors that relate to excessive weight gain.

Methods: This retrospective study included clinical and laboratory data for 194 boys and girls aged 2–18 years at the time of diagnosis and at 1, 2, and 3 years after. Their BMI values were compared to non-diabetic children using BMI percentile and z-score (standard deviation) based on the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts.

Results: Both males and females had low mean BMI-SDS at diagnosis (-0.4499 ± 1.38743 male, 0.3050 ± 1.29887 female) that increased after 1 year (-0.0449 ± 1.14772 male, 0.1451 ± 0.98893 female). Lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 1 year correlated with higher BMI-SDS (r = -0.215, P = 0.011). No such correlation was found in the following 2 years. The daily dose of basal insulin correlated with higher BMI-SDS at 1 year (r = 0.183, P = 0.026) and 3 years (r = 0.297, P < 0.01). No association was found between the use of an insulin pump or continuous glucose monitoring and higher BMI-SDS.

Conclusions: BMI-SDS of children with T1DM was lower than average at the time of diagnosis and rose higher than average in the 3 years following. Higher BMI-SDS was not significantly associated with sex or ethnicity. The most prominent increase happened in the first year.