Israel Medical Association Journal

Background: In the developing child the nervous system undergoes a maturation process. The development and organization of any motor ability is the naturally adopted preference among the possibilities and constraints. The motor behavior of children with cerebral palsy is a personal automatic preference based on such constraints. One of the clinical measures designed for measuring the function of children with CP[1] is the Gross Motor Function Measure. Motor development curves for children with CP have been established based on the GMFM[2] instrument and Gross Motor Function Classification System.

Objectives: To examine the change over time in gross motor function for children with CP attending a special education school for handicapped children in Israel.

Method: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of children at various ages and with varying degrees of severity who were being treated by a multidisciplinary team. The study population comprised 106 children aged 3–8 years with CP who were attending the school of special education at Assaf Harofeh Medical Center. The GMFM-88 test was performed annually for the study children over a 7 year period (1995–2001).

Results: During the study period the GMFM measures scores improved significantly. The rate of improvement and top achievements over the years differed according to the severity of the motor impairment. The gross motor development reached a plateau at the age of 6–7 years.

Conclusions: The changes in gross motor development of the study population were similar to the profile of changes in the developmental process of children who develop normally. The nature of the curves of gross motor change for the children with CP should be borne in mind when designing individual treatment goals and strategies for a child.

Gadolinium-based agents are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging as contrast agents. These agents are radio-opaque enough for diagnostic imaging of the vascular tree by using digitally subtracted images as well as for imaging of the biliary system and the urinary tract. The recommended doses for gadolinium do not impair renal function or cause adverse reactions in patients with iodine sensitivity; thus patients with such conditions can safely undergo diagnostic angiography, either by MRI angiography or by catheterization using gadolinium as contrast agent, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Background: Major efforts are being directed at the early diagnosis of breast cancer. The diagnosis rate of non-palpable tumors is steadily growing as a result of increased screening by mammography. In most patients with non-palpable lesions, percutaneous image-guided biopsies have replaced wire localization with surgical excision for obtaining tissue diagnosis. In recent years the Israel Ministry of Health initiated a mammograpy screening program. Percutaneous image-guided biopsies have also become widely available.

Objective: To assess the impact of these changes on breast cancer surgical treatment in our hospital.

Methods: The charts of 483 patients operated on in our department for primary breast carcinoma during the years 1997 to mid-2001 were reviewed. Data on the mode of diagnosis, tumor stage, resection margins, and number and types of operations were recorded and analyzed. The term non-palpable tumors relates to tumors necessitating wire localization for surgical excision.

Results: The percentage of patients diagnosed with non-palpable tumors rose from 16.2% in 1997 to 47.4% in 2001, with an average size of 2.6 cm for palpable and 1.7 cm for non-palpable tumors. The rate of preoperative diagnosis for non-palpable tumors rose from 6.2% in 1997 to 96.4% in 2001. The rate of involved or very close margins was reduced by 73% in the patient group diagnosed preoperatively as compared to those without a preoperative diagnosis (10.6% vs. 39.4%). Finally, the percentage of patients who had two operations fell from 56.2% in 1997 to 11.1% in 2001.

Conclusions: The mammography screening program in Jerusalem in 1997–2001 was effective in increasing the relative percentage of non-palpable breast cancers with reduced tumor size at diagnosis. The improved availability of preoperative tissue diagnosis in these patients reduced the number of surgical procedures needed.

Background: Contralateral exploration of the groin has been common practice among pediatric surgeons for nearly 50 years, based on the high incidence of patent processus vaginalis on the contralateral side with the potential for the subsequent development of a hernia.

Objectives: To evaluate transinguinal laparoscopic examination of the contralateral side during repair of inguinal hernia in children in order to reach a decision regarding exploration of the contralateral side.

Methods: Over a of 21 month period 124 children with unilateral inguinal hernia underwent laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral groin. The operations were performed under general anesthesia as ambulatory procedures.

Results: Transinguinal contralateral laparoscopic exploration was positive (patent processus vaginalis) in 26 children (21%) and negative (closed processus vaginalis) in 88 (71%). Failure to introduce the telescope occurred in 10 patients (8%) due to a friable or narrow hernia sac. Twenty-five children below 2 years of age were spared exploration of the contralateral side as a result of the negative laparoscopic examination. On the other hand, 15 children aged 2–17 had their contralateral groin explored because of a positive finding at laparoscopy.

Conclusions: Transinguinal laparoscopic examination of the contralateral side during repair of inguinal hernia in children is a simple, safe and quick method to avoid systematic bilateral explorations and should be part of every pediatric surgeon's experience.

Background: The external approach is the golden standard for sinonasal tumor removal but it is associated with several side effects, including facial scars, intracranial and extracranial complications, a long hospitalization period and high costs. Endoscopic sinus surgery enables resection of benign and selected malignant sinonasal tumors and has the advantages of no facial scars, better functional and structural preservation of the sinonasal complex, minimal trauma to surrounding tissue, a shorter hospitalization stay and lower costs.

Objectives: To evaluate the advantages and limitations of endoscopic resection of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors, their recurrence and complication rates.

Methods: The medical and radiology records of 56 patients who underwent endonasal endoscopic resection of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors between 1996 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Tumors located in the center of the nose and sinuses were endoscopically resected.

Results: Six cases of malignant tumor and 50 cases of benign tumor underwent resection by ESS[1]. One of the patients with malignant tumor died, the remainder showing no evidence of disease on follow-up of 3–60 months (mean 26.8 months). Inverted papilloma was the most common benign tumor (40 patients). Seven patients (18%) had recurrence followed by endonasal resection. No major complications were recorded. Hospitalization stay was 2–7 days (mean 3.6 days).

Conclusions: Endoscopic resection of benign sinonasal tumors that are centrally located in the nose and sinuses should be considered before the external approach is used. In very carefully selected cases of malignant tumors ESS is oncologically acceptable, but more experience is needed for discerning the indications for endoscopic resection of malignant tumors. The complication rate for endoscopic resection is low, there are no facial scars, hospitalization stay is short, and costs are low.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Beta-cell replacement is considered the optimal treatment for type 1 diabetes, however it is severely limited by the shortage of human organ donors. An effective cell replacement strategy depends on the development of an abundant supply of beta cells and their protection from recurring immune destruction. Stem/progenitor cells, which can be expanded in tissue culture and induced to differentiate into multiple cell types, represent an attractive source for generation of cells with beta-cell properties: insulin biosynthesis, storage, and regulated secretion in response to physiologic signals. Embryonic stem cells have been shown to spontaneously differentiate into insulin-producing cells at a low frequency, and this capacity could be further enhanced by tissue culture conditions, soluble agents, and expression of dominant transcription factor genes. Progenitor cells from fetal and adult tissues, such as liver and bone marrow, have also been shown capable of differentiation towards the beta-cell phenotype in vivo, or following expression of dominant transcription factors in vitro. These approaches offer novel ways for generation of cells for transplantation into patients with type 1 diabetes.

Background: The management of diabetes in preschool children poses unique difficulties for both the families and the medical team.

Objective: To test the feasibility and safety of insulin pump therapy in the 1–6 year age group in order to improve quality of life and metabolic control.

Methods: The study group comprised 15 type 1 diabetic children aged 1–6 years old (mean ± SD, 3.8 ± 1.2 years) from three diabetes centers. Insulin pump therapy was applied for 12 months. Data, including insulin dose, hemoglobin A1c, hypoglycemic events, as well as scores on the Diabetes Quality of Life Measure Questionnaire and the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire, were collected and compared with the multiple daily injections treatment prior to entry into the study.

Results: HbA1c[1] was measured at the beginning of the study and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 months later; the respective levels (mean ± SD) were 8.82 ± 0.98, 8.45 ± 1.05, 8.37 ± 0.85, 8.32 ± 0.71, 8.18 ± 0.90%. HbA1c measurements after 12 months were significantly lower than at the beginning of the study (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in insulin dose and the total number of hypoglycemic events. In both the DQOL[2] and DTSQ[3] scales there were significant differences in scores in favor of the insulin pump period (43.7 ± 8.0 versus 33.7 ± 7.9, P < 0.001; and 10.9 ± 2.3 versus 14.5 ± 2.3, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions: For very young diabetic children, insulin pump therapy improves quality of life and is feasible and safe. It should be considered as an optional mode of therapy for this age group.