Israel Medical Association Journal

Background: Acute cholecystitis (ACC) is one of the most common diagnoses encountered in surgical wards. A number of treatment modalities are available, and various guidelines have been developed to help decision making. Many factors influence treatment strategies, including patient age and frailty. Due to the increasing proportion of older patients, consideration into the best treatment modalities for this population are warranted.

Objectives: To determine outcomes of elderly patients with ACC according to different treatment strategies.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients aged ≥ 80 years who were admitted with a diagnosis of ACC between 2015 and 2019 to a single academic center. Patients were divided into three groups according to treatment: percutaneous cholecystostomy tube placement, cholecystectomy, intravenous antibiotic treatment only.

Results: Overall, 466 patients were included in the cohort. The majority (approximately 75%) were treated with antibiotics only, 17% underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy, and 8% underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. One-year mortality was 28.1%. The highest mortality rate was 41.6% in the cholecystostomy group (P = 0.002). In multivariable analysis age, functional status, C-reactive protein, and albumin levels were found to be independent risk factors for 1-year mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.08, 0.56, 0.98, 0.4, respectively). Cholecystostomy increased risk of one-year mortality compared to cholecystectomy and antibiotics alone (HR 0.61, 0.23, respectively).

Conclusions: The use of cholecystostomy for ACC in older adults is an independent risk factor for 1-year mortality. Its use in older adults should be reserved for carefully selected cases.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a common psychiatric disorder primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by extreme restriction of food intake, distorted body image, and weight-gain anxiety. We report a case with rapid progression and severe metabolic changes in a young restrictive-type AN patient, highlighting unique aspects of this presentation and discussing pathophysiology.

An 11-year-old girl presented with a significant 29% weight loss over 4 months, leading to a body mass index (BMI) of 11.7 (< 1st BMI percentile for her sex and age). She presented with severe bradycardia and metabolic abnormalities including hypoglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypothyroidism. Following diagnosis with restrictive type AN based on the DSM-5 [1] criteria and stabilization at our department, she was transferred to a specialized unit. The hypercholesterolemia our patient presented with is more typical of binge-eating/purging subtype AN, yet it was markedly elevated in this restrictive-type case.

Background: Burnout is prevalent among healthcare providers and characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated burnout due to increased workloads, emotional strain, and heightened risk. Complementary medicine (CAM) interventions like shiatsu massage and reflexology have been explored as potential to mitigate burnout, particularly pandemic-related stress.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of CAM interventions for alleviating burnout in healthcare providers treating COVID-19 patients during 2022, when the Delta variant was prevalent.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 86 healthcare providers at Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus. Workers were divided into two groups: an intervention group participating in CAM activities and a control group. Participant burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and General Anxiety Disorder 7 at baseline and at one day and one week post-intervention.

Results: The CAM group demonstrated significant reduction in burnout scores, primarily due to an enhanced sense of accomplishment (P = 0.023), with enduring effects observed after one week, although not reaching statistical significance (P = 0.078). There was no observed difference in PTSD scores between the groups (P = 0.28).

Conclusions: The study reveals potential benefits of CAM interventions in reducing burnout symptoms among healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of integrating such interventions to address the mental well-being of healthcare providers, especially in high-stress environments. Further randomized controlled trials with diverse samples and extended follow-up are recommended to validate and explore these initial findings.

Background: Prognostication is complex in patients critically ill with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Objectives: To describe the natural history of ventilated critical COVID-19 patients.

Methods: Due to our legal milieu, active withdrawal of care is not permitted, providing an opportunity to examine the natural history of ventilated critical COVID-19 patients. This retrospective cohort included COVID-19 ICU patients who required mechanical ventilation. Respiratory and laboratory parameters were followed from initiation of mechanical ventilation for 14 days or until extubation, death or tracheostomy.

Results: A total of 112 patients were included in the analysis. Surviving patients were younger than non-survivors (62 years [range 54–69] vs. 66 years [range 62–71], P = 0.01). Survivors had a shorter time to intubation, shorter ventilation duration, and longer hospital stay. Respiratory parameters at intubation were not predictive of mortality. Nevertheless, on ventilation day 10, many of the ventilatory parameters were significantly better in survivors. Regarding laboratory parameters, neutrophil counts were significantly higher in non-survivors on day 1 and C-reactive protein levels were significantly lower in survivors on day 10. Modeling using a generalized estimating equation showed small dynamic differences in ventilatory parameters predictive of survival.

Conclusions: In ventilated COVID-19 patients when there is no active care withdrawal, prognostication may be possible after a week; however, differences between survivors and non-survivors remain small.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an idiopathic cardiomyopathy presenting with heart failure (HF) secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (defined as left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]) < 45% toward the end of pregnancy or in the months following delivery, where no other cause of HF is found. Complete understanding of the etiology is lacking, with higher incidence seen in advanced maternal age, multiple gestations, preeclampsia, and anemia [1]. Potential suggested causes include pathological immune response, hormonal abnormalities, stress cytokines, and nutritional deficiencies. Genetic predisposition was demonstrated in some PPCM, most commonly pathogenic loss-of-function truncating variants in Titin gene (TTN) [1]. Other causative genes reported are DMD, LAMP2, DSP, MYH6, SYNM, TPM1, and VCL [1].

Background: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, locally aggressive, soft-tissue sarcoma. The treatment is surgical and includes wide local excision (WLE) or Mohs micrographic Surgery (MMS). There is no consensus regarding the preferred type of surgery.

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of the two types of surgery (WLE and MMS).

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was based on the medical records of 59 patients with DFSP treated at Sheba Medical Center (using the WLE method) or Assuta Medical Center (using the MMS method) between 1995 and 2018. The data included demographics, clinical presentations, imaging, types of wound closures, pathological margin status, surgical defect sizes, recurrences, and follow-up.

Results: Of the 59 included patients, 18 (30.5%) underwent WLE and 41 (69.5%) underwent MMS. The mean age at diagnosis was 40.1 ± 14.4 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. The main tumor location was the trunk (50% for WLE and 41.5% for MMS). The main type of closure for both procedures was primary closure. In 72.2% of WLE and 78.8% of MMS cases, the margins were free. The difference between the final surgical defect and the original tumor size was statistically significantly smaller in patients who underwent MMS. The median duration of follow-up was 6.6 years. There was no significant difference in the rate of recurrence.

Conclusions: MMS enables better tissue preservation and results in a minor surgical defect compared to WLE, with no difference in tumor recurrence between the two methods.

Nasopharyngeal angiofibromas represent a rare occurrence. They are characterized by vascular fibrous proliferation within the nasopharynx. While histologically benign, they exhibit a local aggressiveness, predominantly afflicting adolescent males. Despite their typically nasopharyngeal location, the exact etiology remains elusive.

Microscopically, angiofibromas manifest as a combination of vascular elements, featuring slit-like capillaries or dilated branched vessels, in addition to a stromal component comprising collagenous matrix and fibroblasts.

To the best of our knowledege, we presented the first documented example of an extra-nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in an adult male, which presented with a distinctive histologic pattern of epithelioid fibrous papule. Clinical manifestations included left-side aural fullness and gradual hearing loss over the course of 5 years. Examination revealed a mass within the left external auditory canal tethered to the posterior wall by a stalk. The audiometric assessment revealed a moderate to severe conductive hearing impairment in the left ear. Surgical excision of the mass was performed, with subsequent histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis unveiling this unforeseen diagnosis.

In this case report, we underscored the potential for angiofibromas to occur in atypical anatomical sites and highlighted the importance of recognizing their benign nature to prevent misdiagnosis as malignant tumors.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide, including a surge in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

Objectives: To compare outcomes and costs of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 adult patients treated with ECMO in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study. Clinical outcomes, ECMO duration, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and healthcare costs were examined and compared between the two groups.

Results: A total of 119 patients were treated with ECMO between 2016 and 2023; 56 (47.1%) diagnosed with COVID-19. The study found no significant difference in mortality rates between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. However, COVID-19 patients experienced significantly longer ECMO durations and ICU LOS. Hospitalization and ECMO operation costs were notably higher for COVID-19 patients, but overall admission costs were lower compared to non-COVID-19 patients, with cost of surgical interventions, consultations and imaging contributing to the price gap.

Conclusions: Despite longer durations of ECMO and LOS, the economic burden of ECMO in COVID-19 patients was significantly lower than non-COVID-19 patients. Strict patient selection should be utilized, a fortiori during times of surge-capacity.

We report a rare case of an epidural abscess caused by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus in a 69-year-old healthy woman. The patient, presented with neck pain, high fever, and chills following dental treatment. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed an epidural abscess with moderate spinal cord compression at the C4–C5 level. Surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone led to complete recovery. This case underscores the significance of considering A. aphrophilus as a potential pathogen in patients with neck pain and fever post-dental procedures and as a cause of abscesses in apparently healthy patients.

A. aphrophilus, a gram-negative coccobacillus, is part of the HACEK group (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella), a group of bacteria mainly known for its association with endocarditis [1]. However, A. aphrophilus is an uncommon pathogen for epidural abscesses [2]. Our case illustrates its potential to cause an epidural abscess after dental manipulation.

Kidney involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is common with altered kidney function present in approximately half of the patients [1]. Scleroderma renal crisis (SRC), the most severe kidney manifestation, occurs in about 20% of patients with this autoimmune disorder [1]. SRC mainly affects patients with the diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) subtype of the disease, and particularly in those who are seropositive to anti RNA polymerase III antibodies [2]. In recent years, the prevalence of SRC has decreased following the initiation of medication therapy with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i). Previously, SRC mortality rates were as high as 78%. Contemporary studies in the post-ACE-i era suggest lower rates, with mortality rate ranging from 30% to 36% [3]. Nevertheless, progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is evident and may require renal replacement therapies (RRTs). While renal transplant rates in SSc have increased, they constitute a small proportion of SSc-SRC patients (3–8%) and SSc-ESRD patients (4–17%).

In this case report, we elucidated the complex etiology of new-onset ascites through the unusual presentation of a 32-year-old female with abdominal swelling, oliguria, and acute renal failure. This patient's ascites was attributed to urinary bladder rupture, a rare but critical consideration in differential diagnoses. Highlighting the significance of this case, bladder rupture without recent trauma history, especially post-gynecological surgery, poses a diagnostic challenge due to its rarity and potential for severe morbidity and mortality if not promptly recognized and managed. Our patient's journey, from initial symptoms to the eventual discovery of bladder rupture, underscores the necessity of considering this diagnosis in similar clinical scenarios. The case uniquely demonstrates pseudo-renal failure, a phenomenon resulting from reversed dialysis across the peritoneal membrane, which further complicated the diagnostic process.

The use of smaller-diameter, pencil-point spinal needles has increased to reduce post-dural puncture headaches in obstetric patients. However, this therapy has also led to more needle deformation and breakage. While risk factors and prevention are described, there is limited literature on management when breakage occurs.

The utilization of neuraxial techniques for labor analgesia and cesarean delivery has experienced a consistent increase in recent years [1]. Spinal anesthesia has emerged as the preferred technique for cesarean deliveries due to its advantages, including a reduction in morbidity and mortality, decreased complications related to airway management, reduced bleeding, improved bonding with the baby, and better outcomes for newborns [2]. While the adoption of smaller diameter, non-cutting bevel spinal needles has successfully reduced the incidence of post-dural puncture headaches in obstetric patients, it has also given rise to complications such as spinal needle deformation and breakage [3,4]. The current understanding of the incidence of neuraxial needle breakage remains limited, with estimated incidences reported between approximately 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 11,000 spinal anesthesia procedures performed [4]. Although numerous case reports have documented broken needles during attempted neuraxial anesthesia, the existing literature predominantly focuses on associated risk factors and preventive measures for this complication [3]. However, there is a lack of literature regarding the subsequent management once this adverse event has transpired. In this report, we present a case involving a broken spinal needle during an attempt to perform spinal anesthesia for an urgent cesarean delivery. By sharing this case, we shed light on the management strategies and considerations following such an event.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) comprises a group of conditions characterized by reversible vasoconstrictions of cerebral arteries. Clinical manifestations include sudden-onset severe headaches with or without additional neurologic signs and symptoms [1].

The incidence of RCVS is 2.7 cases per million adults. It predominantly affects women, and about 9% of all RCVS cases occur during the postpartum period [2,3]. Other possible precipitating factors, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and exposure to vasoactive drugs, have also been reported in association with RCVS [2]. The exact pathophysiology of RCVS is not well understood, although hormonal influences have been suggested as possible contributing factors.

Alkalosis-induced cerebral vasoconstriction is described but not well understood. Hyperventilation is commonly used in neurologic patients to decrease intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow. Hyperventilation causes cerebral vasoconstriction directly by hypocapnia and may indirectly affect through alkalosis.

We present a case of RCVS in a postpartum patient admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe metabolic alkalosis necessitating hemodialysis.

Background: Cesarean delivery (CD) is one of the most common surgeries performed worldwide, with increasing yearly rates. Although neuraxial techniques remain the preferred anesthesia method for CD, maternal thrombocytopenia remains a prominent contraindication. Formation of spinal\epidural hematomas are extremely rare, however the minimal thrombocyte count required for safe neuraxial anesthesia is still under debate. Although transfusion of thrombocytes for the purpose of neuraxial anesthesia is still not recommended, patients with severe thrombocytopenia (less than 50 × 10³/uL) are given thrombocyte transfusion for surgical hemostasis.

Objectives: To evaluate the anesthetic approach to caesarean deliveries in parturients with severe thrombocytopenia who received thrombocyte transfusion aimed for improved surgical hemostasis.

Methods: We conducted a single center, retrospective cohort study.

Results: A total of five cases were found, four of which were given spinal anesthesia immediately following thrombocyte transfusion. One patient was denied spinal anesthesia because her thrombocyte count following transfusion failed to reach safe levels. None of our cases had anesthesia-related complications recorded.

Conclusions: We examined the anesthetic management parturients with severe thrombocytopenia who needed cesarean delivery and were transfused with thrombocytes for surgical hemostasis. In such cases, spinal anesthesia may be considered due to the serious risks associated with general anesthesia.

Background: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a rare autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Optic neuritis (ON) is the most common clinical manifestation of MOGAD in adults. In 2023, new MOGAD diagnostic criteria were proposed, highlighting the importance of supplemental criteria when MOG-immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers are unavailable.

Objective: To investigate the applicability of the 2023 MOGAD criteria in patients diagnosed with MOGAD and treated before the availability of MOG-IgG titers.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients classified as MOGAD between 2010 and 2023 at Rabin Medical Center. Patient demographics as well as clinical and imaging data were collected, including visual acuity, expanded disability status score, core demyelinating events, antibody status, and brain and optic nerve magnetic resonance imaging data. Patients fulfilling the 2023 MOGAD criteria were reported as definite MOGAD.

Results: Fifteen patients met the 2023 MOGAD diagnostic criteria despite lack of MOG-IgG titer. The most common supplemental criterion meeting the 2023 MOGAD criteria was optic disc edema (n=12, 80%), followed by longitudinal optic nerve involvement (53%), bilateral ON (40%), and perineural optic sheath enhancement (33%).

Conclusions: All patients with a clinical diagnosis of MOG-ON in our cohort fulfilled the 2023 MOGAD criteria despite the lack of antibody titers. The 2023 MOGAD criteria can be reliably applied to Israeli cohorts, prior to availability of MOGAD IgG titers, with particular attention to additional supplemental criteria. Since the 2023 MOGAD criteria were published, MOGAD IgG titers have been added to routine testing at our facility.